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Anatomy & Physiology: Joints and Movements

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Termini in questo insieme (29)

  • What is a joint (articulation)?
    A joint is any place where adjacent bones or bone and cartilage come together to form a connection, allowing varying degrees of movement or stability.
  • Functional classification of joints
    Joints are classified by mobility as synarthrosis (immobile), amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), and diarthrosis (freely movable).
  • Structural classification of joints
    Based on the material connecting bones: fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints, and synovial joints.
  • Characteristics of fibrous joints
    Bones connected by fibrous connective tissue, no joint cavity, mostly immovable. Types: sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses.
  • Characteristics of cartilaginous joints
    Bones united by cartilage, no joint cavity, limited movement. Types: synchondroses (hyaline cartilage), symphyses (fibrocartilage).
  • Characteristics of synovial joints
    Bones separated by a fluid-filled joint cavity, all diarthrotic (freely movable), include bursae and tendon sheaths.
  • What forms the walls of the synovial joint cavity?
    The articular capsule, a fibrous connective tissue structure attached to bones outside their articulating surfaces.
  • Function of synovial fluid
    Lubricates the joint to reduce friction and provides nourishment to avascular articular cartilage.
  • Difference between extrinsic and intracapsular ligaments
    Extrinsic ligaments are outside the articular capsule; intracapsular ligaments are inside the capsule.
  • What are bursae and tendon sheaths?
    Bursae are fluid-filled sacs reducing friction near joints; tendon sheaths surround tendons crossing joints to facilitate smooth movement.
  • Types of synovial joints
    Pivot, hinge, saddle, plane, condylar, and ball-and-socket joints.
  • Example and movement of pivot joint
    Between first and second cervical vertebrae; allows rotation around an axis.
  • Example and movement of hinge joint
    Elbow joint; allows flexion and extension like a door hinge.
  • Example and movement of saddle joint
    Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb; allows biaxial movement including opposition.
  • Example and movement of plane joint
    Tarsal bones of the foot; allows limited gliding movements.
  • Example and movement of condylar joint
    Radiocarpal joint of the wrist; allows biaxial movement including flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
  • Example and movement of ball-and-socket joint
    Hip and shoulder joints; allow multiaxial movement including rotation, flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction.
  • Define origin and insertion in muscle attachment
    Origin is the attachment to an immovable bone; insertion is the attachment to a movable bone.
  • Flexion vs. extension
    Flexion decreases the angle between bones; extension increases the angle. Both occur in the sagittal plane.
  • Abduction vs. adduction
    Abduction moves a limb away from the midline; adduction moves it toward the midline, occurring in the coronal plane.
  • What is circumduction?
    A circular movement where one end of a limb remains stationary while the other describes a circle.
  • Medial vs. lateral rotation
    Medial rotation turns the anterior surface toward the midline; lateral rotation turns it away from the midline.
  • Supination and pronation of the forearm
    Supination: palm faces anteriorly with radius and ulna parallel; pronation: palm faces posteriorly with radius crossing ulna.
  • Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
    Dorsiflexion lifts the foot upward toward the shin; plantar flexion points the toes downward.
  • Inversion and eversion of the foot
    Inversion turns the sole medially; eversion turns the sole laterally.
  • Protraction and retraction
    Protraction moves a body part forward; retraction moves it backward, e.g., mandible or scapula.
  • Depression and elevation
    Depression moves a body part downward; elevation moves it upward, e.g., mandible or scapula.
  • Opposition and reposition of the thumb
    Opposition brings the thumb tip to another finger tip; reposition returns the thumb to anatomical position.
  • What is the 'terrible triad' knee injury?
    Injury involving the tibial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament, often from a lateral blow.