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Anatomy & Physiology: Joints and Synovial Movements

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Termini in questo insieme (28)

  • What are the three structural classes of joints?
    Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints.
  • What distinguishes synovial joints structurally?
    Synovial joints have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid.
  • What are the three functional classifications of joints based on movement?
    Synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly movable), and diarthroses (freely movable).
  • What type of joint is a suture and where is it found?
    A suture is a fibrous joint found only between skull bones, immovable and tightly knit.
  • What is a syndesmosis joint?
    A fibrous joint where bones are connected by ligaments; movement depends on ligament length.
  • What is a gomphosis?
    A peg-in-socket fibrous joint; example is a tooth in its alveolar socket connected by the periodontal ligament.
  • What unites bones in cartilaginous joints?
    Bones are united by cartilage, either hyaline or fibrocartilage, without a joint cavity.
  • What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
    Synchondroses (hyaline cartilage, immovable) and symphyses (fibrocartilage, slightly movable).
  • What is a synchondrosis? Give an example.
    A joint united by hyaline cartilage, usually immovable; example: epiphyseal plate in children.
  • What is a symphysis? Give an example.
    A joint united by fibrocartilage allowing limited movement; examples include intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis.
  • Name the six distinguishing features of synovial joints.
    Articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, and sometimes bursae or tendon sheaths.
  • What is the function of synovial fluid?
    Lubricates joint surfaces, nourishes cartilage, reduces friction, and contains phagocytic cells to clean debris.
  • What factors influence the stability of synovial joints?
    Shape of articular surfaces, number and positioning of ligaments, and muscle tone.
  • What is muscle tone and its role in joint stability?
    Low-level muscle contraction that keeps tendons taut, reinforcing and stabilizing joints.
  • Define gliding movement at synovial joints.
    Sliding of flat bone surfaces back-and-forth or side-to-side without angular or rotational movement.
  • What is flexion?
    A movement that decreases the angle between two bones, usually in the sagittal plane.
  • What is extension?
    A movement that increases the angle between two bones, usually in the sagittal plane.
  • What is abduction?
    Movement of a limb away from the body's midline along the frontal plane.
  • What is adduction?
    Movement of a limb toward the body's midline along the frontal plane.
  • Describe circumduction.
    Moving a limb so its distal end traces a cone in space, combining flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction.
  • What is rotation in joint movement?
    Turning a bone around its own longitudinal axis.
  • What is the difference between medial and lateral rotation?
    Medial rotation turns a bone toward the median plane; lateral rotation turns it away.
  • Define supination and pronation of the forearm.
    Supination rotates the forearm laterally so the palm faces anteriorly; pronation rotates it medially so the palm faces posteriorly.
  • What are dorsiflexion and plantar flexion?
    Dorsiflexion lifts the foot upward toward the shin; plantar flexion points the foot downward.
  • What are inversion and eversion of the foot?
    Inversion turns the sole medially; eversion turns the sole laterally.
  • What are protraction and retraction?
    Nonangular anterior (protraction) and posterior (retraction) movements in a transverse plane, e.g., jaw movements.
  • What is opposition in hand movement?
    Movement of the thumb to touch the tips of other fingers, enabling grasping and manipulation.
  • Name the six major types of synovial joints based on shape.
    Plane, hinge, pivot, condylar (ellipsoid), saddle, and ball-and-socket joints.