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Anatomy & Physiology Key Concepts

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Termini in questo insieme (31)

  • Three major features of life
    Form vs Function (how anatomy dictates physiology), Hierarchy of Organization, and Homeostasis.
  • Define Homeostasis
    Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes.
  • Five steps of a negative feedback loop
    Stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, and response to reverse the original stimulus.
  • Explain negative feedback loop with example
    A process that reverses a change to maintain homeostasis, e.g., body temperature regulation.
  • Positive feedback loop and example
    A process that amplifies a change, e.g., blood clotting or childbirth contractions.
  • Three body planes
    Coronal (frontal), sagittal, and transverse (horizontal) planes divide the body into different sections.
  • Basic features of X-ray, MRI, and CAT scan
    X-ray shows hard tissue (bones), MRI identifies soft tissue, CAT scan provides detailed cross-sectional images.
  • Define Serosa (Serous Membranes)
    Thin membranes lining body cavities and covering organs, consisting of two layers: parietal and visceral.
  • Name the three serosa membranes
    Pericardium (heart), Pleura (lungs), and Peritoneum (abdominal organs).
  • Four abdominal quadrants
    Right upper, left upper, right lower, and left lower quadrants used to locate organs.
  • Nine abdominal regions
    Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, left iliac.
  • Difference between kinetic and potential energy
    Kinetic energy is energy of motion; potential energy is stored energy.
  • Atomic structure basics
    Atoms have protons, neutrons, and electrons; valence electrons determine bonding ability.
  • What are isotopes?
    Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
  • Elements making up 96% of the human body
    Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen (CHON).
  • Why is carbon important to life?
    Carbon's four valence electrons allow it to form diverse and stable covalent bonds.
  • Types of chemical bonds
    Ionic, pure covalent, polar covalent, and hydrogen bonds.
  • Water as a dipole and its properties
    Water's polarity makes it a universal solvent and important for solubility.
  • Three types of mixtures
    Solutions, colloids, and suspensions.
  • Two types of biochemical reactions
    Synthesis (building molecules) and decomposition (breaking down molecules).
  • Factors affecting rate of chemical reactions
    Temperature, concentration, particle size, catalysts, and pH.
  • Define acids and bases with pH range for life
    Acids release H+ ions; bases release OH- ions; life pH range is about 6.8 to 7.8.
  • Blood pH range
    Normal blood pH is tightly regulated between 7.35 and 7.45.
  • Role of buffers in blood
    Buffers like carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion maintain stable blood pH.
  • Monosaccharides types
    Hexoses (6 carbons) and pentoses (5 carbons) are simple sugars.
  • Disaccharides examples
    Sucrose, lactose, and maltose are common disaccharides.
  • Glycogen function and location
    Glycogen is a polysaccharide stored mainly in liver and muscle for energy.
  • Triglyceride structure and fat types
    Triglycerides have glycerol and three fatty acids; fats can be saturated, unsaturated, or trans fats.
  • Phospholipids and steroids
    Phospholipids form cell membranes; steroids include cholesterol and hormones.
  • Four levels of protein structure
    Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures define protein shape.
  • Peptide bonds and protein types
    Peptide bonds link amino acids; proteins can be fibrous (structural) or globular (functional).