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Anatomy & Physiology Key Concepts

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Termini in questo insieme (22)

  • What is Comparative Anatomy?

    studies different types of animals to understand similarities and differences in structure.

  • Define Microscopic Anatomy and its subfields.

    studies structures not visible to the naked eye, including cytology (cells) and histology (tissues).

  • What is the difference between Systemic and Regional Anatomy?

    studies one organ system at a time, while Regional Anatomy considers all structures in a specific body area.

  • Describe the Transverse (Horizontal) Plane.

    cuts the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) halves.

  • What is the anatomical position for Supine and Prone?

    Supine: face forward, palms up; Prone: face down, opposite of supine.

  • Define the directional terms Cranial and Caudal.

    Cranial means toward the head; Caudal means toward the tail or lower part of the body.

  • List the four main functions of the plasmalemma (cell membrane).

    Functions: physical isolation, regulation of exchange, sensitivity, and structural support.

  • What is the difference between passive and active transport?

    Passive transport moves substances without energy (e.g., diffusion), while active transport requires energy to move substances against a gradient.

  • Name three types of endocytosis.

    Phagocytosis (cell eating), pinocytosis (cell drinking), and receptor-mediated endocytosis (specific uptake).

  • What is the function of mitochondria?

    Mitochondria produce ATP and are known as the cell's powerhouse; they have a double membrane.

  • Describe the role of ribosomes.

    Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes that synthesize proteins.

  • What are the phases of the cell cycle?

    The cell cycle includes interphase (G1: growth, S: DNA replication, G2: preparation) and mitosis (nuclear division) followed by cytokinesis.

  • Name the four basic tissue types.

    Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous tissues.

  • What are the characteristics of simple squamous epithelium?

    Single layer of flat cells; functions in diffusion and filtration; found in alveoli and capillaries.

  • Differentiate between loose and dense connective tissue.

    Loose connective tissue cushions and supports organs; dense connective tissue has tightly packed fibers for strength.

  • List the three types of cartilage and one location for each.

    Hyaline: nose, trachea; Fibrocartilage: intervertebral discs; Elastic: ear, epiglottis.

  • What distinguishes cardiac muscle tissue?

    Cardiac muscle is involuntary, striated, contains intercalated discs, and is found in the heart.

  • Name the four cell types in the integumentary system and their functions.

    Keratinocytes: produce keratin; Melanocytes: produce melanin; Merkel cells: touch receptors; Langerhans cells: immune defense.

  • What are the layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep?

    Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale.

  • Describe the difference between merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine secretion.

    Merocrine: secretion by exocytosis; Apocrine: secretion with loss of cytoplasm; Holocrine: entire cell ruptures to release secretion.

  • What is the functional unit of compact bone?

    The osteon, consisting of concentric lamellae around a central canal.

  • Outline the steps of endochondral ossification.

    Cartilage model forms, calcifies, periosteal bone collar forms, primary ossification in diaphysis, secondary ossification in epiphyses, bone replaces cartilage except at articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates.