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Anatomy & Physiology Key Concepts

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Termini in questo insieme (29)

  • Hierarchy of Structural Organization

    Cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism (the body)

  • Anatomical Position

    Standard reference position: standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward.

  • Body Planes

    Sagittal (median), parasagittal, coronal (frontal), transverse (horizontal)

  • Directional Terms

    Superior (cranial) / inferior (caudal), anterior (ventral) / posterior (dorsal), medial / lateral, proximal / distal, superficial / deep

  • Body Cavities

    Dorsal cavity: cranial and vertebral; Ventral cavity: thoracic (pleural, mediastinum, pericardial) and abdominopelvic (abdominal, pelvic)

  • Serous Membranes

    Parietal vs. visceral layers; examples: pleura, pericardium, peritoneum

  • Four Basic Tissue Types

    Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

  • Epithelial Tissue Classification

    By cell shape: squamous, cuboidal, columnar; by layers: simple, stratified, pseudostratified

  • Connective Tissue Components

    Cells (fibroblasts, macrophages) + extracellular matrix (ground substance + fibers: collagen, elastin, reticular)

  • Types of Connective Tissue

    Proper (loose and dense), structural (cartilage, bone), fluid (blood)

  • Muscle Tissue Types

    Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

  • Nervous Tissue Components

    Neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglia (supporting cells)

  • Layers of the Skin

    Epidermis (keratinized stratified squamous epithelium), dermis (connective tissue), hypodermis (adipose tissue)

  • Epidermal Layers

    Stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale (mitosis occurs here)

  • Functions of the Integumentary System

    Protection, sensory reception, thermoregulation, vitamin D production

  • Structure of a Long Bone

    Epiphysis, diaphysis, medullary cavity, periosteum, compact bone, spongy bone, red and yellow marrow

  • Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone

    Osteons, lamellae, central canal, osteocytes in lacunae

  • Bone Remodeling Cells

    Osteoblasts (bone deposition), osteoclasts (bone resorption)

  • Endochondral Ossification

    Hyaline cartilage serves as framework; primary ossification center in diaphysis; secondary centers in epiphyses; epiphyseal plate for growth

  • Structural Classification of Joints

    Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial (with articular cartilage, joint capsule, synovial fluid, ligaments, bursa)

  • Movements at Synovial Joints

    Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, dorsiflexion/plantarflexion, inversion/eversion, rotation, supination/pronation, elevation/depression

  • Gross Structure of Skeletal Muscle

    Muscle fibers surrounded by endomysium; fascicles surrounded by perimysium; whole muscle surrounded by epimysium; connected to bone by tendons or aponeuroses

  • Microscopic Structure of Skeletal Muscle Fiber

    Sarcolemma, T-tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments, sarcomere, A-bands, I-bands, Z-discs

  • Neuron Structure

    Cell body, dendrites, axon (with axon hillock and terminals)

  • Types of Neurons by Structure

    Bipolar, unipolar (pseudounipolar), multipolar

  • Autonomic Nervous System Divisions

    Sympathetic (fight/flight, thoracolumbar, short preganglionic, long postganglionic) and Parasympathetic (rest/digest, craniosacral, long preganglionic, short postganglionic)

  • Flow of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

    Produced by choroid plexus → ventricles → subarachnoid space → arachnoid granulations → dural venous sinuses

  • Blood Components

    Plasma (water, proteins like albumin, globulins, fibrinogen), erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), thrombocytes (platelets)

  • Heart Chambers and Valves

    Right and left atria, right and left ventricles; atrioventricular valves (tricuspid, bicuspid/mitral) with chordae tendineae and papillary muscles; semilunar valves (pulmonary, aortic)