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Anatomy & Physiology Lab Practical 1 Key Concepts

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Termini in questo insieme (29)

  • Thyroid hormones
    T3 and T4 regulate metabolism. Their secretion is controlled by the hypothalamus and pituitary via TSH.
  • Hyperthyroid vs. Hypothyroid
    Hyperthyroid means excess thyroid hormone; hypothyroid means deficiency; euthyroid is normal thyroid function.
  • Metabolic rate calculation
    Metabolic rate is calculated in ml O2/min/gram to assess oxygen consumption.
  • Formed elements of blood
    Includes red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets, each with distinct functions.
  • Hematocrit
    The percentage of RBCs in whole blood; inversely related to plasma percentage.
  • Blood volume calculation
    Determined using hematocrit and plasma volume measurements.
  • Hemoglobin function
    Carries oxygen in RBCs; its content determines oxygen carrying capacity.
  • Heart blood flow
    Blood flows from body to right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, then body.
  • Intercalated discs in cardiac muscle
    Contain desmosomes and gap junctions for mechanical and electrical coupling.
  • ECG and cardiac cycle
    ECG waves correspond to electrical events triggering heart contractions.
  • Artery vs. vein histology
    Arteries have thicker muscular walls; veins have valves and thinner walls.
  • Elastic arteries
    Large arteries with elastic fibers to stretch and recoil, maintaining blood pressure.
  • Muscular arteries
    Distribute blood to specific body regions; have more smooth muscle.
  • Capillaries
    Microscopic vessels where gas and nutrient exchange occurs.
  • Hepatic portal system
    Carries blood from digestive organs to the liver for processing.
  • Fetal circulation
    Includes shunts like the ductus arteriosus to bypass lungs before birth.
  • Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
    Average blood pressure during a cardiac cycle; calculated from systolic and diastolic pressures.
  • Pulse pressure
    Difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
  • Cardiac output
    Volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute; calculated as heart rate × stroke volume.
  • Lymphatic system functions
    Returns interstitial fluid to blood, filters pathogens, and supports immune responses.
  • Thymus function
    Site of T cell maturation in the immune system.
  • Spleen function
    Filters blood, recycles RBCs, and helps fight infections.
  • Lymph nodes
    Filter lymph and house immune cells to detect pathogens.
  • MALT
    Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue protects mucous membranes from pathogens.
  • RID assay
    Radial immunodiffusion assay measures concentration of specific proteins or antibodies.
  • Conducting vs. respiratory structures
    Conducting airways transport air; respiratory structures enable gas exchange.
  • Trachea histology
    Contains ciliated pseudostratified epithelium and cartilage rings for support.
  • Lung histology
    Composed of alveoli lined by simple squamous epithelium for gas exchange.
  • Lung volumes and capacities
    Measured by spirometry to assess respiratory function.