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Anatomy & Physiology: Nervous System Fundamentals

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Termini in questo insieme (28)

  • What are the main parts of a neuron?
    The main parts are the cell body, dendrites, axon, and axon terminals.
  • What is the function of Schwann cells?
    Schwann cells produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system to speed up nerve conduction.
  • Where are oligodendrocytes located and what is their role?
    Oligodendrocytes are in the CNS and produce myelin to insulate axons.
  • What is the role of astrocytes?
    Astrocytes support neurons, maintain the blood-brain barrier, and regulate the extracellular environment in the CNS.
  • What are ependymal cells responsible for?
    Ependymal cells line the ventricles of the brain and produce cerebrospinal fluid.
  • Do neurons have the capacity to divide?
    No, neurons generally do not divide and have a high metabolic rate.
  • What neurotransmitter is primarily involved in muscle stimulation?
    Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter that stimulates muscle contraction.
  • What is the difference between a nerve and a tract?
    A nerve is a bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system; a tract is a bundle of axons in the central nervous system.
  • What is a ganglion versus a nucleus in the nervous system?
    A ganglion is a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS; a nucleus is a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the CNS.
  • What is the function of the cerebellum?
    The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements, balance, and posture.
  • What distinguishes gray matter from white matter?
    Gray matter contains neuron cell bodies; white matter contains myelinated axons.
  • What are the three layers of the meninges from outermost to innermost?
    Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.
  • What is the function of the hypothalamus?
    The hypothalamus regulates homeostasis, including temperature, hunger, and hormone release.
  • What is the difference between a gyrus, sulcus, and fissure?
    A gyrus is a ridge, a sulcus is a shallow groove, and a fissure is a deep groove in the brain.
  • What are the main components of the brainstem?
    The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
  • What is the role of the pons?
    The pons relays signals between the cerebrum and cerebellum and regulates breathing.
  • How does myelination affect nerve conduction?
    Myelination increases conduction speed by allowing saltatory conduction along the axon.
  • What happens during an action potential at the membrane level?
    Sodium channels open causing depolarization, followed by potassium channels opening causing repolarization.
  • What is the difference between afferent and efferent pathways?
    Afferent pathways carry sensory information to the CNS; efferent pathways carry motor commands away from the CNS.
  • What is the function of proprioceptors?
    Proprioceptors detect body position and movement.
  • What is a nociceptor?
    A nociceptor is a sensory receptor that detects pain.
  • What is the order of events in a simple spinal reflex arc?
    Stimulus → sensory neuron → integration center in spinal cord → motor neuron → effector muscle.
  • Why do we not constantly perceive pressure from clothing on our skin?
    Sensory adaptation causes decreased sensitivity to constant stimuli over time.
  • What is the role of dopamine in the nervous system?
    Dopamine regulates mood, reward, and motor control.
  • Where is speech primarily processed in the brain?
    Speech is primarily processed in the frontal and temporal lobes.
  • What is the function of the midbrain?
    The midbrain controls visual and auditory reflexes and motor coordination.
  • What is the brachial plexus?
    A network of nerves that supplies the upper limb.
  • What distinguishes myelinated from non-myelinated nerve fibers?
    Myelinated fibers conduct impulses faster due to saltatory conduction; non-myelinated fibers conduct more slowly.