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Anatomy & Physiology: Respiratory, Digestive, and Metabolic Systems

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Termini in questo insieme (33)

  • Respiratory system major components
    Includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs containing alveoli.
  • Respiratory system functional zones
    The respiratory zone (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli) is for gas exchange; the conducting zone includes all other respiratory passageways.
  • Function of the larynx
    Provides an open airway, routes food and air into proper passageways, and produces sound via vocal cords.
  • Structure supporting the trachea
    C-shaped cartilaginous rings prevent collapse and allow esophagus expansion during swallowing.
  • Respiratory membrane composition
    Formed by alveolar epithelium and capillary endothelium; site of gas exchange.
  • Pulmonary ventilation principle
    Gas flows into and out of lungs due to volume changes in thoracic cavity, explained by Boyle's law.
  • Boyle's law in respiration
    At constant temperature, gas pressure varies inversely with volume; increased thoracic volume lowers pressure causing inspiration.
  • Surfactant role in lungs
    Produced by type II alveolar cells; reduces alveolar surface tension to prevent alveolar collapse.
  • Tidal volume (TV)
    Amount of air moved in and out of lungs during quiet breathing, about 500 ml per breath.
  • Vital capacity (VC)
    Sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume; total exchangeable air.
  • Anatomical dead space
    Volume (~150 ml) of conducting airways that does not participate in gas exchange.
  • Dalton's law of partial pressures
    Total pressure of a gas mixture equals the sum of the partial pressures of each gas.
  • Henry's law
    Gas dissolves in liquid proportionally to its partial pressure when in contact.
  • Ventilation-perfusion coupling
    Matching of alveolar ventilation and pulmonary blood flow to optimize gas exchange.
  • Oxygen transport in blood
    About 1.5% dissolved in plasma; 98.5% bound reversibly to hemoglobin.
  • Carbon dioxide transport methods
    7–10% dissolved in plasma, 20% bound to hemoglobin, 70% as bicarbonate ions.
  • Haldane effect
    Lower oxygen saturation of hemoglobin increases blood's capacity to carry CO2.
  • Medullary respiratory centers
    Dorsal respiratory group controls basic rhythm; ventral respiratory group controls forced breathing.
  • Factors influencing breathing rate and depth
    Levels of CO2, O2, and H+ in arterial blood; CO2 is the most potent stimulus.
  • Digestive system main groups
    Alimentary canal (mouth to anus) and accessory organs (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, pancreas).
  • Six major digestive processes
    Ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, and defecation.
  • Layers of alimentary canal
    Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.
  • Function of the stomach
    Temporary food storage, initiates protein digestion, converts food to chyme.
  • Small intestine adaptations for absorption
    Circular folds, villi, and microvilli increase surface area.
  • Liver digestive function
    Produces bile, which emulsifies fats.
  • Pancreatic juice components
    Water, digestive enzymes for all food categories, and electrolytes.
  • Nutrient definition
    Substance used by the body to promote normal growth and development.
  • Complete vs incomplete proteins
    Complete proteins contain all essential amino acids; incomplete lack one or more.
  • Aerobic respiration overall formula
    Glucose plus oxygen yields carbon dioxide, water, and ATP: \(C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + ATP\)
  • Three stages of aerobic respiration
    Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain.
  • Absorptive state hormone
    Insulin promotes glucose uptake, glycogen and fat storage, and protein synthesis.
  • Postabsorptive state metabolism
    Catabolism predominates; glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and gluconeogenesis maintain blood glucose.
  • Body temperature regulation center
    Hypothalamus contains heat-loss and heat-promoting centers to maintain homeostasis.