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Anatomy & Physiology: Skeletal and Muscle System Review

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Termini in questo insieme (29)

  • Functions of the skeletal system

    Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and energy storage.

  • Four main groups of bones based on shape

    Long, short, flat, and irregular bones.

  • Major parts of a long bone

    Diaphysis (shaft), epiphysis (ends), metaphysis (growth plate area), medullary cavity, and periosteum.

  • Components of an osteon

    Central canal, lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, and canaliculi.

  • Axial skeleton parts

    Skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

  • Types of vertebrae

    Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae.

  • Components of the thoracic cage

    Sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae.

  • Function of fontanelles on a fetal skull

    Allow skull flexibility during birth and brain growth after birth.

  • Appendicular skeleton parts

    Pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs.

  • Differences between male and female pelvis

    Female pelvis is wider, shallower, and has a larger pelvic inlet for childbirth; male pelvis is narrower and taller.

  • Epiphyseal plate tissue type

    Hyaline cartilage that allows bone lengthening during growth.

  • Types of bone fractures

    Simple (closed), compound (open), greenstick, comminuted, and spiral fractures.

  • Definition of muscle twitch

    A single, brief contraction and relaxation cycle of a muscle fiber in response to a stimulus.

  • Phases of a muscle twitch

    Latent period, contraction phase, and relaxation phase.

  • Role of calcium in muscle contraction

    Calcium binds to troponin, causing tropomyosin to move and expose binding sites on actin for myosin.

  • Motor unit

    A single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.

  • Threshold stimulus

    The minimum stimulus intensity required to generate a muscle contraction.

  • Motor unit recruitment

    Increasing the number of active motor units to increase muscle tension.

  • Wave summation

    Successive stimuli increase muscle tension by adding contractions before full relaxation.

  • Unfused tetanus

    Partial relaxation between stimuli resulting in sustained but wavering muscle contraction.

  • Fused tetanus

    Continuous, smooth muscle contraction with no relaxation between stimuli.

  • Maximal tetanic tension

    The greatest tension a muscle can produce during fused tetanus.

  • Bones of the pelvic girdle

    Os coxae (ilium, ischium, pubis), sacrum, and coccyx.

  • Landmarks of the femur

    Head, neck, greater and lesser trochanters, linea aspera, and medial and lateral condyles.

  • Bones of the foot

    Tarsals (including calcaneus and talus), metatarsals, and phalanges.

  • Bones of the pectoral girdle

    Clavicle and scapula.

  • Landmarks of the scapula

    Spine, acromion, coracoid process, glenoid cavity, and fossae (supraspinous, infraspinous, subscapular).

  • Landmarks of the humerus

    Head, greater and lesser tubercles, deltoid tuberosity, trochlea, and capitulum.

  • Bones of the forearm

    Radius and ulna.