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Anatomy & Physiology: Skeletal System and Bone Physiology

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Termini in questo insieme (26)

  • Types of skeletal cartilage
    Hyaline (most abundant), elastic (flexible, in ear and epiglottis), and fibrocartilage (withstands pressure, in knee and intervertebral discs).
  • Perichondrium
    Dense irregular connective tissue layer that surrounds skeletal cartilage, providing support and nutrients.
  • Appositional cartilage growth
    Growth by adding new matrix on the outer surface, causing outward expansion.
  • Interstitial cartilage growth
    Growth from within the cartilage by division of chondrocytes inside lacunae and secretion of new matrix.
  • Seven functions of bones
    Support, protection, anchorage, mineral storage, blood cell formation, triglyceride storage, and hormone production.
  • Axial vs appendicular skeleton
    Axial: skull, vertebral column, rib cage (support/protection). Appendicular: limbs and girdles (movement and manipulation).
  • Bone shape classifications
    Long (limbs), short (carpals, tarsals), flat (skull, ribs), irregular (vertebrae, hip bones).
  • Compact bone
    Dense outer layer of bone that appears smooth and solid.
  • Spongy bone
    Internal bone with trabeculae (needle-like pieces) that provide strength and house marrow.
  • Structure of a long bone
    Diaphysis (shaft with medullary cavity), epiphyses (ends with spongy bone), periosteum outside, endosteum inside.
  • Epiphyseal line
    Remnant of the epiphyseal plate (hyaline cartilage) that allows lengthwise bone growth.
  • Red bone marrow location
    In trabecular cavities of spongy bone and diploë of flat bones; in adults, mainly in proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur.
  • Five types of bone cells
    Osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone lining cells, and osteoclasts.
  • Osteon (Haversian system)
    Structural unit of compact bone, consisting of concentric lamellae around a central canal.
  • Canaliculi function
    Tiny channels connecting lacunae and central canal, allowing osteocyte communication and nutrient exchange.
  • Organic vs inorganic bone components
    Organic: cells and osteoid (collagen, ground substance) for flexibility. Inorganic: hydroxyapatites (calcium phosphate) for hardness.
  • Endochondral ossification
    Bone replaces hyaline cartilage; forms most bones below the skull except clavicles.
  • Intramembranous ossification
    Bone forms directly from fibrous connective tissue membranes; forms cranial bones and clavicles.
  • Zones of epiphyseal plate during bone length growth
    Resting, proliferation, hypertrophic, calcification, and ossification zones.
  • Hormonal regulation of bone growth
    Growth hormone and thyroid hormone stimulate growth; testosterone and estrogen cause growth spurts and plate closure.
  • Bone remodeling process
    Balance of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone deposition by osteoblasts to maintain strength and calcium homeostasis.
  • Role of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in bone remodeling
    Stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone, releasing calcium into the blood.
  • Wolff's law
    Bone grows or remodels in response to the mechanical stresses it experiences.
  • Four stages of fracture repair
    Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling.
  • Osteomalacia and rickets
    Disorders of inadequate bone mineralization; rickets occurs in children, osteomalacia in adults.
  • Osteoporosis
    Condition where bone resorption exceeds formation, leading to porous, fragile bones; common in postmenopausal women.