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Anatomy & Physiology: Skeletal System and Bone Structure

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Termini in questo insieme (30)

  • Major functions of the skeletal system

    Support, Protection, Movement, Mineral storage:, Blood cell production, Fat storage

  • Diaphysis
    The long, central shaft of a long bone.
  • Epiphyses
    The enlarged ends of a long bone.
  • Metaphysis
    Region between diaphysis and epiphysis containing the growth plate in growing bones.
  • Articular cartilage
    Smooth cartilage covering bone ends at joints; reduces friction and absorbs shock.
  • Periosteum
    Tough connective tissue covering outer bone surface except where articular cartilage is present; aids growth and repair.
  • Compact bone
    Dense, hard bone that provides strength.
  • Spongy bone
    Porous bone with a network of bony struts and spaces, often containing red bone marrow.
  • Medullary cavity
    Hollow space inside the diaphysis that contains bone marrow.
  • Endosteum
    Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity and internal bone surfaces.
  • Red bone marrow
    Bone marrow that produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
  • Yellow bone marrow
    Bone marrow that stores fat as an energy reserve.
  • Osteoprogenitor cells
    Stem-like cells that develop into osteoblasts and help replace bone-forming cells during growth and repair.
  • Osteoblasts
    Cells that build bone by producing organic bone matrix and mineralizing it.
  • Osteocytes
    Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue and detect mechanical stress.
  • Osteoclasts
    Large cells that break down bone tissue in a process called bone resorption.
  • Effect when osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity
    Leads to decreased bone mass and density, weaker bones, increased fracture risk, and possible osteoporosis.
  • Osteon
    Basic structural unit of compact bone; consists of lamellae arranged around a central canal containing blood vessels and nerves.
  • Endochondral ossification
    Bone forms by replacing a hyaline cartilage model; occurs in most long bones like femur and humerus.
  • Intramembranous ossification
    Bone develops directly from mesenchymal tissue without a cartilage model; forms flat skull bones and clavicles.
  • Epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
    Layer of hyaline cartilage between epiphysis and diaphysis where bone lengthens during growth.
  • Closure of epiphyseal plates
    Occurs with maturation due to sex hormones; cartilage is replaced by bone, stopping lengthwise growth.
  • Marfan syndrome
    Genetic disorder affecting connective tissue causing long limbs, joint laxity, and skeletal abnormalities.
  • Gigantism
    Excess growth hormone before growth plate closure causing excessive height.
  • Acromegaly
    Excess growth hormone in adults causing enlargement of hands, feet, and facial bones.
  • Pituitary dwarfism
    Too little growth hormone during childhood causing reduced height.
  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
    Released when blood calcium is low; increases blood calcium by stimulating bone resorption.
  • Calcitonin
    Released when blood calcium is high; limits bone resorption to lower blood calcium.
  • Calcitriol
    Active vitamin D form that increases calcium absorption from the digestive tract.
  • Four stages of fracture healing
    Hematoma formation → Soft callus formation → Hard callus formation → Bone remodeling.