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Anatomy & Physiology: Skeletal System and Joints

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Termini in questo insieme (29)

  • Types of skeletal cartilage
    Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage are the three types, differing in fiber composition and location.
  • Appositional growth of cartilage
    Growth by adding new cartilage matrix on the surface from chondroblasts in the perichondrium.
  • Interstitial growth of cartilage
    Growth from within the cartilage by division of chondrocytes and secretion of new matrix.
  • Classification of bones by shape
    Long, short, flat, and irregular bones based on shape and structure.
  • Functions of bones
    Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation, and energy storage.
  • Structure of a typical long bone
    Includes diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses (ends), and membranes like periosteum.
  • Osteoblast function
    Cells that build bone by secreting bone matrix.
  • Osteoclast function
    Cells that break down bone tissue for remodeling and calcium release.
  • Osteon structure
    The basic unit of compact bone, consisting of concentric lamellae around a central canal.
  • Lamellae in bone
    Concentric rings of bone matrix in an osteon.
  • Lacunae in bone
    Small spaces housing osteocytes within the bone matrix.
  • Intramembranous ossification
    Bone develops directly from mesenchymal tissue, forming flat bones like the skull.
  • Endochondral ossification
    Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage, typical in long bones.
  • Role of growth hormone in bone growth
    Stimulates overall bone growth by promoting cartilage cell division at epiphyseal plates.
  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) effect on bone
    Increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclast activity to break down bone.
  • Calcitonin effect on bone
    Lowers blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts and promoting bone formation.
  • Axial skeleton components
    Includes the skull, vertebral column, and bony thorax.
  • Paranasal sinuses
    Air-filled cavities in frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary bones that lighten the skull.
  • Intervertebral disc function
    Acts as a cushion and shock absorber between vertebrae.
  • General vertebrae structure
    Consists of a body, vertebral arch, and processes; varies among cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions.
  • Appendicular skeleton components
    Includes shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, and upper and lower limbs.
  • Synarthroses joints
    Immovable joints, such as sutures in the skull.
  • Amphiarthroses joints
    Slightly movable joints, like intervertebral discs.
  • Diarthroses joints
    Freely movable synovial joints.
  • Fibrous joints types
    Includes sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses, connected by fibrous tissue.
  • Bursae and tendon sheaths
    Fluid-filled sacs and tubes that reduce friction around joints and tendons.
  • Movements allowed by synovial joints
    Uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial, gliding, and angular movements.
  • Knee joint structure
    A complex synovial joint with ligaments, menisci, and bursae for stability and movement.
  • Common joint disorders
    Includes bursitis, tendonitis, and arthritis types like osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis.