Skip to main content
Indietro

Anatomy & Physiology: The Heart - Chapter 19 Study Guide

I pulsanti di controllo sono stati cambiati in modalità "navigazione".
1/26

Termini in questo insieme (26)

  • Function of the right and left sides of the heart

    The right side receives oxygen-poor blood and pumps it to the lungs (pulmonary circuit). The left side receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body (systemic circuit).

  • Location and orientation of the heart

    The heart lies in the mediastinum between the lungs. The apex points inferiorly and to the left, and the base is the broad posterior surface.

  • Layers of the pericardium and heart wall from superficial to deep

    Fibrous pericardium → parietal serous pericardium → pericardial cavity → epicardium → myocardium → endocardium.

  • Role of the fibrous pericardium

    Strong outer layer of dense connective tissue that protects and anchors the heart.

  • Function of the myocardium

    Cardiac muscle layer arranged in circular and spiral patterns; generates the pumping force of the heart.

  • Chambers of the heart and their roles

    Right and left atria: superior receiving chambers. Right and left ventricles: inferior pumping chambers.

  • Interatrial and interventricular septa

    Interatrial septum separates the atria; interventricular septum separates the ventricles.

  • Function of the coronary sulcus

    External groove separating atria from ventricles; contains coronary blood vessels.

  • Right atrium blood sources and key structures

    Receives oxygen-poor blood from superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus; contains pectinate muscles, crista terminalis, fossa ovalis, and tricuspid valve.

  • Right ventricle blood flow and internal structures

    Receives blood from right atrium via tricuspid valve; pumps blood through pulmonary valve to pulmonary trunk; contains trabeculae carneae, papillary muscles, and chordae tendineae.

  • Left atrium blood source and valve

    Receives oxygen-rich blood from four pulmonary veins; blood passes through mitral (bicuspid) valve to left ventricle.

  • Left ventricle characteristics

    Receives blood through mitral valve; pumps through aortic valve into aorta; has thick walls and contains trabeculae carneae, papillary muscles, and chordae tendineae; forms the apex of the heart.

  • Function of chordae tendineae and papillary muscles

    Chordae tendineae connect papillary muscles to AV valve cusps, preventing valve eversion during ventricular contraction; papillary muscles contract to tighten chordae tendineae.

  • Difference between AV valves and semilunar valves

    AV valves are between atria and ventricles and open when atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure. Semilunar valves are between ventricles and arteries and open when ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure.

  • Cause of heart sounds S1 and S2

    S1 ('lub') is caused by closure of AV valves; S2 ('dup') is caused by closure of semilunar valves.

  • Sequence of blood flow through the heart

    Blood flows: venae cavae → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary trunk → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → body.

  • Reason for thicker left ventricular wall

    The left ventricle pumps blood into the systemic circuit, which has higher resistance and longer distance, requiring a thicker muscular wall.

  • Structure and function of intercalated discs

    Specialized junctions connecting cardiac muscle cells; contain fasciae adherens and desmosomes for mechanical binding, and gap junctions for electrical coupling.

  • Intrinsic conduction system pathway

    SA node → internodal pathways → AV node → AV bundle → right and left bundle branches → Purkinje fibers.

  • Effect of parasympathetic and sympathetic input on the heart

    Parasympathetic (vagus nerve) decreases heart rate; sympathetic increases heart rate and contraction strength.

  • Major coronary arteries and their supply areas

    Right coronary artery supplies right and posterior heart; left coronary artery branches into anterior interventricular (LAD) and circumflex arteries supplying left and anterior heart.

  • Common heart disorders and their effects

    Atherosclerosis reduces coronary blood flow; angina causes chest pain; myocardial infarction causes cardiac muscle death; heart failure weakens pumping ability.

  • Congenital heart defects examples

    Ventricular septal defect causes blood mixing; transposition of great vessels separates circuits; coarctation of aorta narrows vessel increasing workload; tetralogy of Fallot combines four defects reducing pulmonary flow.

  • Changes in the aging heart

    Valve thickening, reduced cardiac reserve, fibrosis replacing cardiac cells, and decreased maximum heart rate; exercise can improve heart health.

  • Difference between pulmonary arteries and veins

    Pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood to lungs; pulmonary veins return oxygen-rich blood to the heart.

  • Difference between atrial and ventricular fibrillation

    Atrial fibrillation causes irregular atrial impulses increasing stroke risk; ventricular fibrillation causes uncoordinated ventricular contractions leading to cardiac arrest.