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Anatomy & Physiology: The Skeletal System and Hematopoiesis

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Termini in questo insieme (22)

  • Functions of Bone

    Protection, mineral storage, blood cell formation, fat storage, movement, and support.

  • Inorganic Composition of Bone

    65% of bone is inorganic mineral salts, mainly hydroxyapatite crystals composed of calcium and phosphate.

  • Organic Composition of Bone

    35% organic components including cells, collagen fibers (type 1), and extracellular matrix providing flexibility and strength.

  • Compact Bone Structure

    Dense bone tissue made of osteons with central (Haversian) canals, lacunae housing osteocytes, canaliculi for nutrient exchange, and concentric lamellae.

  • Spongy (Cancellous) Bone

    Trabeculated bone with trabeculae supporting weight shifts and containing red bone marrow for hematopoiesis.

  • Bone Cell Types

    Includes osteoblasts (build bone), osteocytes (maintain bone), and osteoclasts (resorb bone).

  • Hematopoiesis

    Production of blood cells occurring in red bone marrow, producing erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.

  • Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

    Biconcave discs lacking organelles, containing hemoglobin for oxygen transport, lifespan ~120 days, produced at ~100 billion/day.

  • Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)

    Defend against pathogens; include granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (monocytes, lymphocytes).

  • Platelets (Thrombocytes)

    Cell fragments from megakaryocytes involved in blood clotting, lifespan 7-10 days, regulated by hormone thrombopoietin.

  • Paranasal Sinuses

    Hollow cavities lined with mucous membrane in skull bones (frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary) that lighten the skull and produce mucus.

  • Epiphysis and Diaphysis

    Epiphysis is the wide end of a long bone filled with spongy bone; diaphysis is the tubular shaft containing the medullary cavity.

  • Medullary Cavity

    Hollow space within the diaphysis filled with yellow marrow (fat storage).

  • Periosteum

    Fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone, continuous with ligaments and tendons, containing osteoblasts for growth and repair.

  • Bone Remodeling

    Continuous process where osteoclasts resorb old bone and osteoblasts form new bone, influenced by mechanical stress (Wolff's law).

  • Types of Bone Fractures

    Includes comminuted (3+ fragments), compression, depressed, epiphyseal, greenstick (incomplete), and spiral fractures.

  • Articulations (Joints)

    Where two bones meet; types include immobile, slightly movable, and freely movable (synovial) joints with articular cartilage and synovial fluid.

  • Synovial Joint Components

    Includes articular cartilage, articular capsule (fibrous and synovial membrane), synovial fluid, bursae, ligaments, and tendons.

  • Cartilage Characteristics

    Avascular, resilient connective tissue that provides flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement; types include hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage.

  • Common Bone Disorders

    Includes osteoporosis (low bone density), rickets (vitamin D deficiency), osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease), and spinal curvatures like scoliosis.

  • Common Joint Disorders

    Includes arthritis (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid), bursitis, dislocations, sprains, and tendinitis.

  • Hemoglobin Structure

    Protein in erythrocytes with four polypeptide chains each containing a heme group with an iron ion (Fe2+) that binds oxygen.