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Anatomy & Physiology: Tissue and Integumentary System Master Flashcards

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Termini in questo insieme (30)

  • What is histology?

    Histology is the study of tissues, which are collections of cells and cell products performing specific functions.

  • Order of tissue preparation for microscopy

    Fixation → Sectioning → Staining. Memory: Fix it → Slice it → Stain it.

  • Four primary tissue types and their core functions
    • Epithelial: covers, lines, secretes
    • Connective: supports, binds, transports
    • Muscle: movement, heat generation
    • Nervous: electrical communication
  • Functions of tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions
    • Tight junction: seals cells, isolates lumen
    • Desmosome: anchors cells, resists stretch
    • Gap junction: allows cell communication
  • Core characteristics of epithelial tissue
    • Cellularity: tightly packed cells
    • Polarity: apical and basal surfaces differ
    • Attachment: basal surface to basement membrane
    • Avascularity: no blood vessels
    • Regeneration: high mitotic rate
  • Difference between simple and stratified epithelia

    Simple epithelia have one layer for diffusion/absorption; stratified epithelia have multiple layers for protection.

  • Simple squamous epithelium: structure, function, location

    One thin layer of flat cells; rapid diffusion and filtration; found in alveoli, blood vessel linings, and serous membranes.

  • Simple cuboidal epithelium: function and location

    Secretion and absorption; located in kidney tubules, thyroid gland, and gland ducts.

  • Ciliated simple columnar epithelium function and location

    Moves materials over epithelial surface; found in bronchioles and uterine tubes.

  • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium characteristics

    Appears layered but is single-layered; ciliated type traps and moves mucus; located in respiratory tract.

  • Stratified squamous epithelium: keratinized vs nonkeratinized
    • Keratinized: dead surface cells, water resistant, skin epidermis
    • Nonkeratinized: alive surface cells, moist, mouth and esophagus
  • Types of exocrine gland secretion
    • Merocrine: exocytosis, cell intact
    • Apocrine: apical portion pinches off
    • Holocrine: whole cell ruptures
  • Connective tissue components

    Cells, protein fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic), and ground substance (fluid or gel-like matrix).

  • Functions of connective tissue
    • Protection
    • Support and binding
    • Storage
    • Transport
    • Immune defense
  • Difference between loose and dense connective tissue

    Loose CT: more ground substance, fewer fibers; Dense CT: more fibers, less ground substance.

  • Types of cartilage and their functions
    • Hyaline: stiff but flexible, reduces friction
    • Fibrocartilage: tough, shock absorption
    • Elastic: flexible, returns to shape
  • Bone tissue characteristics

    Calcified matrix with collagen fibers; osteocytes in lacunae; vascular; provides support and protection.

  • Blood as a connective tissue

    Fluid matrix (plasma) with erythrocytes (oxygen transport), leukocytes (immune defense), and platelets (clotting).

  • Four types of body membranes
    • Mucous: lines passages open to exterior
    • Serous: lines closed cavities
    • Cutaneous: skin
    • Synovial: joint cavities
  • Differences among skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle
    • Skeletal: voluntary, striated, multinucleated
    • Cardiac: involuntary, striated, intercalated discs
    • Smooth: involuntary, nonstriated, spindle-shaped
  • Neuron parts and functions
    • Cell body: contains nucleus
    • Dendrites: receive signals
    • Axon: transmits signals
  • Primary germ layers and their positions
    • Ectoderm: outer layer
    • Mesoderm: middle layer
    • Endoderm: inner layer
  • Tissue repair outcomes
    • Regeneration: same tissue replaces damaged
    • Fibrosis: scar tissue replaces damaged tissue
  • Why is polarity important in epithelial tissue?

    Apical surface faces lumen/exterior for absorption or secretion; basal surface anchors tissue and interfaces with connective tissue.

  • What maintains epithelial tissue integrity?
    • Intercellular connections
    • Attachment to basement membrane
    • High mitotic rate for repair
  • Role of fibroblasts in connective tissue

    Most abundant CT cell; produces extracellular matrix proteins.

  • What is the function of the perichondrium?

    Protects cartilage, provides attachment, supports growth and repair.

  • What is the Rule of Nines used for?

    Estimates body surface area affected by burns to guide treatment.

  • Difference between first, second, and third degree burns
    • First degree: epidermis only, redness, pain
    • Second degree: epidermis + upper dermis, blisters
    • Third degree: full thickness, destroys nerves, requires graft
  • ABCD rule for melanoma detection
    • A: Asymmetry
    • B: Border irregularity
    • C: Color variation
    • D: Diameter >5 mm