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Anatomy & Physiology: Tissue Level of Organization

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Termini in questo insieme (30)

  • What are tissues?
    Tissues are collections of specialized cells and cell products that perform specific functions and form organs.
  • Name the four types of tissues.
    Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
  • What are the main functions of epithelial tissue?
    Provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, and produce specialized secretions.
  • List key characteristics of epithelial tissue.
    Polarity, cellularity, attachment to basement membrane, avascularity, and regeneration.
  • What is the function of microvilli and cilia on epithelial cells?
    Microvilli increase absorption or secretion; cilia move fluids over the epithelial surface.
  • Name three types of cell junctions in epithelial tissue.
    Gap junctions, tight junctions, and desmosomes.
  • What is the difference between simple and stratified epithelia?
    Simple epithelia have a single cell layer; stratified epithelia have multiple layers for protection.
  • Describe simple squamous epithelium and its function.
    Thin, flat cells that allow absorption and diffusion; found in mesothelium and endothelium.
  • What is the role of stratified squamous epithelium?
    Protects against mechanical stresses; keratinized forms add water resistance.
  • Where is transitional epithelium found and what is its function?
    Found in urinary bladder; allows stretching and recoiling without damage.
  • What distinguishes pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
    Cells of varying shapes all contact basement membrane; often ciliated; found in respiratory tract.
  • Differentiate endocrine and exocrine glands.
    Endocrine glands release hormones into bloodstream; exocrine glands secrete onto epithelial surfaces via ducts.
  • Name the three methods of exocrine secretion.
    Merocrine (exocytosis), apocrine (cytoplasm shedding), and holocrine (cell bursting).
  • What are the main components of connective tissue?
    Specialized cells, extracellular protein fibers, and fluid extracellular ground substance.
  • List the three categories of connective tissue.
    Connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissues, and supporting connective tissues.
  • Name the three types of fibers in connective tissue proper.
    Collagen fibers (strong, resist force), reticular fibers (network support), and elastic fibers (stretch and recoil).
  • What are the functions of loose connective tissues?
    Fill spaces, cushion cells, support epithelia, and hold capillary beds.
  • Describe the difference between white and brown adipose tissue.
    White stores fat and insulates; brown is vascularized, generates heat, and is found in infants.
  • What is the function of dense regular connective tissue?
    Provides strong attachment in tendons and ligaments with parallel collagen fibers.
  • What are the three types of cartilage?
    Hyaline (flexible, reduces friction), elastic (supports and bends), and fibrocartilage (tough, limits movement).
  • How does cartilage grow?
    By interstitial growth (from within) and appositional growth (at outer surface).
  • What are the main functions of bone tissue?
    Supports weight, resists shattering, and allows material exchange via canaliculi.
  • Name the four types of tissue membranes.
    Mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial membranes.
  • What is the role of mucous membranes?
    Line passageways with external connections; keep surfaces moist to reduce friction and aid absorption.
  • Describe the structure and function of serous membranes.
    Line closed cavities; have parietal and visceral layers; produce serous fluid to reduce friction.
  • What distinguishes skeletal muscle tissue?
    Long, multinucleated, striated fibers under voluntary control.
  • How is cardiac muscle tissue specialized?
    Branched, striated cells connected by intercalated discs; involuntary control by pacemaker cells.
  • Where is smooth muscle found and what are its characteristics?
    Walls of hollow organs; spindle-shaped, non-striated, involuntary, capable of regeneration.
  • What are the two main cell types in nervous tissue?
    Neurons (conduct electrical signals) and neuroglia (support and repair neurons).
  • What are the stages of tissue repair after injury?
    Inflammation (swelling, redness, pain) followed by regeneration or fibrosis (scar tissue formation).