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Anatomy & Physiology: Tissue Level of Organization

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Termini in questo insieme (30)

  • What is a tissue?
    Tissue is a group of specialized cells and cell products that perform one or more specific functions.
  • What are the four basic types of tissue?
    Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
  • Functions of epithelial tissue
    Physical protection, control permeability, sensation, and specialized secretions.
  • Characteristics of epithelial tissue
    Polarity, cellularity, attachment to basement membrane, avascularity, and regeneration.
  • What are microvilli and their function?
    Small finger-shaped projections on the apical surface that increase surface area for absorption and secretion.
  • What are cilia and their function in epithelial tissue?
    Long, slender plasma membrane extensions that move fluids or secretions over epithelial surfaces.
  • Types of intercellular connections in epithelial tissue
    Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and cell junctions (gap junctions, tight junctions, desmosomes).
  • Function of gap junctions
    Hold cells together via connexons allowing small molecules and ions to pass between cells.
  • Function of tight junctions
    Seal plasma membranes tightly to prevent water and solutes from passing between cells.
  • Function of desmosomes
    Link opposing plasma membranes and connect to the cytoskeleton to stabilize cell shape.
  • What is a hemidesmosome?
    A structure that attaches epithelial cells to the basement membrane.
  • How are epithelia classified?
    By cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar) and number of layers (simple or stratified).
  • Characteristics of simple epithelium
    Single cell layer, thin and fragile, often involved in secretion or absorption.
  • Characteristics of stratified epithelium
    Multiple cell layers, provides protection in areas of mechanical stress.
  • Where is simple squamous epithelium found?
    In protected regions for absorption or diffusion, e.g., alveoli of lungs and lining of body cavities (mesothelium).
  • Where is stratified squamous epithelium found?
    In areas exposed to mechanical stress like skin surface and lining of the mouth.
  • Difference between keratinized and nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
    Keratinized is tough and water-resistant (skin); nonkeratinized resists abrasion but must stay moist (mouth, esophagus).
  • Function of connective tissue
    Fills internal spaces, provides structural support, stores energy, and defends the body.
  • Three general categories of connective tissue
    Connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissues, and supporting connective tissues.
  • What are fibroblasts?
    Most abundant fixed cells in connective tissue proper that secrete hyaluronan and protein subunits for fibers.
  • Types of fibers in connective tissue proper
    Collagen (strong, flexible), reticular (branching framework), and elastic fibers (stretch and recoil).
  • What is the ground substance in connective tissue proper?
    Clear, viscous fluid filling spaces between cells and fibers, slowing pathogen movement.
  • Functions of muscle tissue
    Specialized for contraction and producing movement.
  • Types of muscle tissue
    Skeletal (striated voluntary), cardiac (striated involuntary), and smooth (nonstriated involuntary).
  • Characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue
    Long, multinucleate fibers; voluntary control; limited repair via myosatellite cells.
  • Characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue
    Found in heart; connected by intercalated discs; limited repair capability; involuntary contraction.
  • Characteristics of smooth muscle tissue
    Found in walls of hollow organs; nonstriated; can divide and regenerate; involuntary control.
  • Functions of nervous tissue
    Propagation of electrical impulses to carry information throughout the body.
  • Types of cells in nervous tissue
    Neurons (communicative cells) and neuroglia (supporting cells).
  • Components of a neuron
    Cell body (with nucleus), dendrites (receive signals), and axon (conducts signals).