IndietroAnatomy & Physiology: Tissue Level of Organization
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1/29IndietroSkip to main contentIndietroWhat are the four basic types of tissues?
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous tissues. What are the main functions of epithelial tissue?
Provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, and produce specialized secretions. What are the key characteristics of epithelial tissue?
Polarity, cellularity, attachment to basement membrane, avascularity, and regeneration. What is the function of microvilli on the apical surface of epithelial cells?
Increase surface area for absorption or secretion. What is the role of cilia on epithelial cells?
Move fluids over the epithelium for protection and lubrication. Name three types of cell junctions in epithelial tissue.
Gap junctions, tight junctions, and desmosomes. What is the function of gap junctions?
Hold cells together and allow passage of small molecules and ions between cells. What is the role of tight junctions?
Bind plasma membranes tightly to prevent passage of water and solutes between cells. What are desmosomes and hemidesmosomes?
Desmosomes link cells together; hemidesmosomes anchor cells to the basement membrane. What are the two layers of the basement membrane?
Basal lamina (selective filter) and reticular lamina (provides strength). How are epithelia classified by cell shape?
Squamous (flat), cuboidal (boxy), and columnar (tall and slender). How are epithelia classified by number of layers?
Simple (one layer) and stratified (multiple layers). Where is simple squamous epithelium found and what is its function?
Lining of lung alveoli and blood vessels; functions in absorption and diffusion. What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?
Protects against mechanical stresses and abrasion. What is unique about transitional epithelium?
Cells change shape from cuboidal to squamous when stretched; found in urinary bladder. What distinguishes endocrine glands from exocrine glands?
Endocrine glands release hormones into the bloodstream; exocrine glands secrete onto epithelial surfaces via ducts. What are the three types of connective tissue fibers?
Collagen fibers (strong, flexible), reticular fibers (branching network), and elastic fibers (stretch and recoil). Name the main cell types in connective tissue proper.
Fibroblasts, fibrocytes, adipocytes, mesenchymal cells, melanocytes, macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, and microphages. What are the functions of connective tissue?
Support, transport fluids, protect organs, store energy, and defend against microorganisms. What is the difference between loose and dense connective tissue?
Loose connective tissue fills spaces and cushions; dense connective tissue contains many collagen fibers for strength. What is the function of adipose tissue?
Provides padding, shock absorption, insulation, and energy storage. What are the three types of cartilage and their characteristics?
Hyaline (tough, flexible), elastic (supportive, flexible), fibrocartilage (very durable, resists bone contact). How does cartilage grow?
By interstitial growth (from within) and appositional growth (adding to surface). What are the main components of bone tissue?
Calcified matrix with calcium salts and collagen fibers; osteocytes in lacunae arranged around central canals. What are the four types of tissue membranes?
Mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial membranes. What is the function of serous membranes?
Line internal cavities and reduce friction between organs. What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal (striated voluntary), cardiac (striated involuntary), and smooth (nonstriated involuntary). What are the main cell types in nervous tissue?
Neurons (conduct impulses) and neuroglia (supporting cells). What are the two stages of tissue response to injury?
Inflammation and regeneration.
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