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Anatomy & Physiology: Tissue Organization and Types

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Termini in questo insieme (23)

  • What is a tissue?
    A tissue is a collection of specialized cells and cell products of common developmental origin which perform a limited number of functions.
  • Name the four fundamental classes of tissue.
    Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous tissues.
  • What are the main functions of epithelial tissue?
    Covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways, provides protection, sensation, and secretion.
  • What are the key characteristics of epithelial tissue?

    Cellularity, Polarity (apical and basal surfaces), Attachment to basement membrane, Avascularity (lacks blood vessels and capillaries), Innervation, and Regeneration (high proliferation rate).

  • What is the function of microvilli in epithelial cells?

    Microvilli increase the surface area to amplify absorption or secretion efficiency; known as the 'brush border.'

  • Where are motile cilia found and what is their function?

    Found in respiratory epithelium, uterine tubes, male efferent ductules, and brain ventricles; they move substances across the epithelial surface.

  • How are epithelia classified by layering?
    Simple epithelia have one cell layer; Stratified epithelia have multiple layers.
  • How are epithelia classified by cell shape?
    Cells can be squamous (flat), cuboidal (boxlike), or columnar (tall and elongated).
  • What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

    An epithelium that appears stratified but all cells contact the basement membrane; often ciliated with goblet cells.

  • What is transitional epithelium and its function?

    A specialized stratified epithelium lining urinary organs; permits stretching without tearing (seen with dome cells; puffy when relaxed)

  • What distinguishes exocrine glands from endocrine glands?

    Exocrine glands secrete via ducts onto epithelial surfaces; endocrine glands release secretions directly into extracellular fluids.

  • What is the only unicellular exocrine gland in humans?
    The goblet cell, which secretes mucin to form mucus.
  • What are the three main components of connective tissue?

    Specialized cells, extracellular protein fibers, and ground substance (GAGs, glycoproteins and water; no fibers)

  • Name the three types of connective tissue fibers.
    Collagen fibers (strong, unbranched), reticular fibers (delicate meshwork), and elastic fibers (branched, resilient).
  • What are the principal cell types of connective tissue classes?
    Fibroblast/cyte in CT proper, chondroblast/cyte in cartilage, osteoblast/cyte in bone, and hematopoietic stem cells in fluid CTs.
  • What is the function of areolar connective tissue?
    Wraps and cushions organs; contains macrophages for defense; holds and conveys tissue fluid.
  • What is the main function of adipose tissue?
    Stores energy as fat, insulates against heat loss, and cushions organs.
  • Describe dense regular connective tissue.

    Contains parallel collagen fibers; provides strong attachment in tendons and ligaments.

  • What is hyaline cartilage and its function?

    Amorphous firm matrix with collagen fibers; supports and cushions joints; forms fetal skeleton.

  • What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue?
    Long, cylindrical, multinucleate, striated cells; voluntary control; rapid contraction.
  • How does cardiac muscle differ from skeletal muscle?
    Cardiac muscle cells are branched, uninucleate, striated, connected by intercalated discs; involuntary control.
  • What are the features of smooth muscle tissue?

    Spindle-shaped cells without striations; involuntary control; found in walls of hollow organs.

  • What are the two main cell types in nervous tissue?
    Neurons (excitable cells transmitting signals) and neuroglia (supportive cells).