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Anatomy & Physiology: Tissue Structure and Function

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Termini in questo insieme (36)

  • What is histology?

    Histology is the study of tissues.

  • What are the four types of tissues?

    Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous tissues.

  • Functions of epithelial tissue

    Covers exposed surfaces, lines internal passageways, and forms glands.

  • Functions of connective tissue

    Fills internal spaces, supports other tissues, transports materials, and stores energy.

  • What is the role of microvilli in epithelial tissue?

    Microvilli increase surface area where all absorption takes place.

  • How are epithelia classified by shape?

    Squamous (thin, flat), Cuboidal (square), and Columnar (tall, slender rectangles).

  • How are epithelia classified by layers?

    Simple epithelium (single layer) and Stratified epithelium (multiple layers).

  • Characteristics of simple squamous epithelium

    Thin for absorption and diffusion; lines body cavities (mesothelium) and blood vessels (endothelium).

  • Function of stratified squamous epithelium

    Protects against mechanical stresses; keratin adds strength and water resistance.

  • Where is simple squamous epithelium found compared to stratified squamous?

    Simple squamous is in kidneys; stratified squamous is in glands.

  • Functions and locations of simple columnar epithelium

    Absorption and secretion; found in stomach, small and large intestines.

  • What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

    Appears layered but is single-layered; typically ciliated; found in nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi.

  • Role of stratified columnar epithelium

    Provides protection; rare; found in pharynx, anus, and urethra.

  • Main cells of connective tissue proper

    Fibroblasts (produce protein), Adipocytes (fat cells), Macrophages (phagocytic immune cells), Mast cells (inflammation), Lymphocytes, Microphages, and Mesenchymal stem cells.

  • Functions of macrophages in connective tissue

    Engulf pathogens and damaged cells; fixed macrophages stay in tissue, free macrophages migrate.

  • What do mast cells do?

    Stimulate inflammation by releasing histamine and heparin after injury or infection.

  • Types of connective tissue fibers and their properties

    Collagen fibers: strong, resist force in one direction; Reticular fibers: form flexible networks; Elastic fibers: branched, return to original length after stretching.

  • Characteristics of adipose tissue

    Contains adipocytes that store fat; cells expand or shrink; mesenchymal cells produce new fat cells when needed.

  • Difference between white and brown fat

    White fat stores energy and insulates; brown fat is vascularized, rich in mitochondria, and generates heat in infants.

  • What is dense regular connective tissue?

    Tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers; found in tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses.

  • What are fasciae?

    Connective tissue layers that support and surround organs; include superficial, deep, and subserous fascia.

  • Composition of blood

    Plasma (watery matrix), red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets.

  • What is lymph?

    Interstitial fluid that enters lymphatic vessels, monitored by the immune system, and returned to veins near the heart.

  • Main function of cartilage

    Shock absorption and reducing friction between bones.

  • Types of cartilage and their features

    Hyaline: most common, tough, flexible; Elastic: supportive, bends easily; Fibrocartilage: very durable, limits movement.

  • Functions of bone tissue

    Supports weight, is calcified for rigidity, resists shattering due to collagen fibers, and contains osteocytes in lacunae.

  • What are tissue membranes?

    Physical barriers that line or cover body surfaces; consist of epithelium supported by connective tissue.

  • Four types of tissue membranes

    Mucous, Serous, Cutaneous, and Synovial membranes.

  • Types of muscle tissue and their locations

    Skeletal muscle: large muscles for movement; Cardiac muscle: heart only; Smooth muscle: walls of hollow organs.

  • What is nervous tissue specialized for?

    Conducting electrical impulses; concentrated in brain and spinal cord.

  • Two main cell types in nervous tissue

    Neurons (signal transmission) and Neuroglia (supporting cells).

  • What triggers the inflammatory response?

    Trauma or infection; damaged cells release prostaglandins, proteins, and potassium ions; mast cells activate inflammation.

  • What is necrosis?

    Tissue destruction after injury; necrotic tissue and pus accumulate, sometimes forming an abscess.

  • Which tissues regenerate well and which do not?

    Epithelia, connective tissues (except cartilage), and smooth muscle regenerate well; skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and nervous tissue regenerate poorly or not at all.

  • Effects of aging on tissue structure

    Slower repair, thinner epithelia, fragile connective tissue, brittle bones, increased bruising, cardiovascular disease, and mental deterioration.

  • Relationship between aging and cancer incidence

    Cancer rates increase with age; 25% of people develop cancer; most caused by chemical or environmental factors; 40% linked to cigarette smoke.