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Anatomy & Physiology: Tissue Types and Characteristics

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Termini in questo insieme (20)

  • Define tissue and name the 4 major types of tissue.

    Tissue is a group of similar cells performing a common function. The 4 major types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve tissue.

  • What are the general locations and functions of epithelial tissue (ET)?

    ET covers external surfaces and lines internal cavities, found in stomach, intestines, nasal cavity, trachea, and kidney tubules. It protects against dehydration and chemical/biological damage.

  • List the key characteristics of epithelial tissue.

    ET has specialized contacts (junctions), polarity, avascularity, regeneration, and cellularity.

  • What are the apical surface, basal surface, and basement membrane in ET?

    Apical surface faces external environment or lumen; basal surface attaches to basement membrane; basement membrane anchors ET to underlying connective tissue.

  • How are epithelial tissues classified by layers and cell shape?

    By layers: Simple (one layer), Stratified (multiple layers). By shape: Squamous (flat), Cuboidal (cube-shaped), Columnar (tall/column-like).

  • Compare the three types of cellular junctions in epithelial tissue.

    Tight junctions prevent leaks between cells; desmosomes hold cells together under stress; gap junctions allow communication via channels.

  • Describe simple squamous epithelium and its function.

    One layer of flat cells; suited for quick diffusion and filtration; found lining air sacs of lungs and blood vessels.

  • Describe simple cuboidal epithelium and its function.

    One layer of cube-shaped cells; increases absorption and secretion; found in kidney tubules and glands.

  • Describe simple columnar epithelium and its special structures.

    One layer of tall cells with goblet cells (mucus secretion) and microvilli (increase surface area); lines stomach and small intestines for absorption and secretion.

  • What is pseudostratified columnar epithelium and its function?

    Appears layered due to nuclei at different levels but all cells touch basement membrane; has cilia and goblet cells; provides protection; lines nasal cavity.

  • Explain stratified squamous epithelium and its types.

    Multiple layers with flat top cells; protects against wear and tear. Keratinized (dead surface cells, skin); nonkeratinized (alive, moist, esophagus, vagina).

  • What is transitional epithelium and where is it found?

    Stratified tissue that stretches to protect underlying tissues; found in urinary bladder and ureters.

  • Define endocrine and exocrine glands.

    Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones into the bloodstream. Exocrine glands secrete products onto skin or into cavities via ducts.

  • Compare merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine exocrine glands.

    Merocrine: secretion released, cell intact.
    Apocrine: top cell part pinched off with secretion.
    Holocrine: whole cell disintegrates to release secretion.

  • Describe the general location and characteristics of connective tissue (CT).

    CT is deep, vascular, most abundant tissue; never exposed to outside; found throughout the body.

  • What are the main functions of connective tissue?

    CT functions in binding, protection, and support of body structures.

  • List the three main components of all connective tissue.

    Specialized cells, protein fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular), and ground substance.

  • Define the matrix in connective tissue and compare it to epithelial tissue.

    Matrix is the nonliving material (protein fibers and ground substance) surrounding cells; CT matrix is abundant, ET matrix is minimal.

  • Describe the three fiber types in connective tissue.

    Collagen: tough, flexible fibers.
    Elastic: stretchy, thin fibers.
    Reticular: fine, branched fibers forming supportive networks.

  • Explain the difference between -cyte and -blast cells in connective tissue.

    -blast cells are immature, active in building matrix; -cyte cells are mature, maintain the matrix.