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Anatomy & Physiology: Tissue Types and Histology

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Termini in questo insieme (29)

  • What are the three primary germ layers formed during embryonic development?
    Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm.
  • Which tissues arise from the ectoderm?
    All nervous tissues, integument, and some connective tissues.
  • What tissues develop from the mesoderm?
    All muscular tissues, most skeletal tissues, and all cardiovascular and lymphatic tissues.
  • What tissues arise from the endoderm?
    Linings of major internal organ systems.
  • What are the four primary tissue types in the body?
    Epithelium, Connective tissue, Nervous tissue, and Muscle tissue.
  • What are the main functions of epithelial tissue?
    Protection, absorption, filtration, and secretion.
  • List key characteristics of epithelial tissue.
    Cells fit closely together, one free surface, bound by a basement membrane, avascular, and regenerate easily if well nourished.
  • How is epithelial tissue named?
    By number of cell layers (simple or stratified) and shape of cells (squamous, cuboidal, or columnar), plus special features like cilia or goblet cells.
  • Describe simple squamous epithelium.
    Single layer of flat cells, forms membranes, lines body cavities, lungs, and capillaries.
  • Where is stratified squamous epithelium found and what is its function?
    Found in skin, mouth, and esophagus; provides protection where friction is common.
  • What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium and where is it found?
    Single layer of cube-like cells; common in glands, kidney tubules, and covers ovaries.
  • What distinguishes simple columnar epithelium?
    Single layer of tall cells, often with goblet cells producing mucus; lines the digestive tract.
  • What is pseudostratified epithelium?
    Single layer of cells of varying heights that appears stratified; often ciliated and found in the respiratory tract.
  • What are the types of stratified epithelium besides squamous?
    Stratified cuboidal (two layers of cube cells) and stratified columnar (surface cells columnar, underlying vary).
  • What is transitional epithelium and where is it found?
    Epithelium that changes shape with stretching; lines urinary system organs like bladder and ureter.
  • What are the four types of membranes in the body?
    Mucous membranes (line cavities open to outside), Serous membranes (line closed cavities), Cutaneous membranes (skin), and Synovial membranes (line joint cavities).
  • What distinguishes endocrine glands from exocrine glands?
    Endocrine glands are ductless and secrete hormones; exocrine glands have ducts and secrete onto epithelial surfaces.
  • Name the three modes of exocrine gland secretion.
    Merocrine (vesicles release secretion), Apocrine (apical portion pinches off), and Holocrine (whole cell disintegrates).
  • What are the main components of connective tissue?
    Connective tissue cells, fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular), and ground substance (matrix).
  • List the main functions of connective tissue.
    Binds tissues, supports body, provides protection.
  • What are fibroblasts and their role?
    Cells that secrete fiber proteins and hyaluronan to form connective tissue fibers.
  • What is the extracellular matrix in connective tissue composed of?
    Ground substance (water, adhesion proteins, polysaccharides) and fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular).
  • Describe bone tissue as a connective tissue type.
    Bone cells in lacunae, hard calcium salt matrix, many collagen fibers; provides protection and support.
  • What is hyaline cartilage and where is it found?
    Most common cartilage with abundant collagen fibers and rubbery matrix; forms fetal skeleton.
  • What is the function of elastic cartilage?
    Provides elasticity; example is the external ear.
  • What is fibrocartilage and its function?
    Highly compressible cartilage forming cushion-like discs between vertebrae.
  • What characterizes dense connective tissue?
    Mainly collagen fibers, fibroblast cells; examples include tendons and ligaments.
  • What is areolar connective tissue?
    Most widely distributed connective tissue; soft, pliable, contains all fiber types, soaks up excess fluid.
  • What is the role of adipose tissue?
    Stores fat, insulates body, protects organs, and serves as fuel storage.