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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 1 Key Concepts

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Termini in questo insieme (29)

  • Complementarity of structure and function
    The principle that the function of a body part depends on its specific structure.
  • Levels of structural organization
    Hierarchy from chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, to organismal level.
  • Necessary life functions
    Includes maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth.
  • Homeostasis feedback loop components
    Receptor, control center, and effector work together to maintain stable internal conditions.
  • Negative feedback example: body temperature regulation
    Body detects temperature change and initiates responses to return to normal range.
  • Positive feedback example: platelet plug formation
    Amplifies the response to rapidly form a blood clot after injury.
  • Atomic structure basics
    Atoms consist of protons (+), neutrons (neutral) in nucleus, and electrons (-) orbiting.
  • Isotopes and radioisotopes
    Atoms of the same element with different neutron numbers; radioisotopes emit radiation.
  • Types of chemical bonds
    Ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds differ in electron sharing or transfer.
  • Polar vs non-polar covalent molecules
    Polar molecules have unequal electron sharing (e.g., H2O); non-polar have equal sharing (e.g., CO2).
  • Synthesis, decomposition, and exchange reactions
    Synthesis builds molecules, decomposition breaks them down, exchange swaps parts between molecules.
  • Acids and bases
    Acids donate protons (H+), bases accept protons; pH measures acidity or alkalinity.
  • pH scale relationship
    Lower pH means higher [H+], acidic; higher pH means lower [H+], basic.
  • Dehydration synthesis vs hydrolysis
    Dehydration synthesis forms bonds by removing water; hydrolysis breaks bonds by adding water.
  • Protein denaturation
    Loss of protein structure and function due to environmental changes like heat or pH.
  • Enzyme action mechanism
    Enzymes lower activation energy to speed up chemical reactions without being consumed.
  • Structure of DNA
    Double helix composed of nucleotide pairs: adenine-thymine and cytosine-guanine.
  • ATP role in cellular work
    ATP provides energy for cellular processes by releasing phosphate groups.
  • Plasma membrane structure and function
    Phospholipid bilayer with proteins controls entry and exit of substances.
  • Passive membrane transport
    Movement of substances across membrane without energy, including diffusion and osmosis.
  • Active transport: Na+-K+ pump
    Uses ATP to move Na+ out and K+ into the cell against their concentration gradients.
  • Resting membrane potential (RMP)
    Electrical charge difference across membrane maintained by K+ and Na+ distribution.
  • Cell junction types
    Include tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions for cell adhesion and communication.
  • Cytoplasmic organelles and functions
    Mitochondria produce energy, ribosomes synthesize proteins, ER processes molecules, Golgi packages them.
  • Cell cycle phases
    Includes interphase (growth and DNA replication) and mitosis (cell division).
  • Protein synthesis stages
    Transcription copies DNA to RNA; translation assembles amino acids into proteins.
  • Role of tRNA in protein synthesis
    Transfers specific amino acids to ribosomes during translation.
  • Glycocalyx importance
    Carbohydrate-rich coating on cell surface involved in protection and cell recognition.
  • Isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic solutions
    Isotonic: equal solute concentration; hypertonic: higher outside; hypotonic: lower outside.