IndietroAnatomy & Physiology Unit 1 Key Concepts
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Termini in questo insieme (29)
Anatomy studies the structure of body parts and their relationships, while Physiology studies the functions of the body.
The function of a body part depends on its specific form. For example, sharp front teeth cut food, flat back teeth grind food, and bones provide support due to hardness.
Atoms → Molecules → Organelles → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ systems → Organism
The ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions despite changing external environment, usually via negative feedback mechanisms.
A response that counteracts the original stimulus to maintain homeostasis, like a thermostat activating a heater when cold.
A response that enhances the original stimulus, pushing the system further from the starting point, such as blood clotting.
Body standing facing observer, head level, feet forward, palms turned forward.
Medial (midsagittal) divides left/right, Frontal (coronal) divides front/back, Transverse divides upper/lower.
Superior (cranial) means toward the head; Inferior (caudal) means toward the lower part of the structure.
Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen make up 96.3% of body weight.
Atomic number = number of protons; Atomic mass = sum of protons and neutrons.
Formed by transfer of electrons creating cations and anions attracted by opposite charges, e.g., NaCl.
Electrons are shared between atoms; can be polar (unequal sharing) or nonpolar (equal sharing).
Weak attraction between a partial positive hydrogen and a partial negative molecule, important for protein shape and DNA structure.
High heat capacity, high heat of vaporization, solvent properties, reactivity, and cushioning.
Structural material, enzymes, hormones, and cell function regulators; made of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
Biological catalysts that lower activation energy to speed up biochemical reactions; act on substrates and are reusable.
Adenine pairs with Thymine; Guanine pairs with Cytosine.
Contains adenine, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups; stores energy in phosphate bonds used for cellular work.
Plasma membrane structure with hydrophilic phosphate heads facing outward and hydrophobic fatty acid tails inward.
Passive transport (simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis) and active transport (primary, secondary, vesicular).
Passive movement of small, lipid-soluble molecules across the membrane without energy or assistance.
Passive transport of molecules via specific carrier or channel proteins, no energy required.
Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from high to low water concentration.
Isotonic: no change; Hypertonic: cells shrink; Hypotonic: cells swell.
Primary active transport pump that moves 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ into the cell using ATP, maintaining membrane potential.
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase; results in two identical daughter cells.
Messenger RNA carries genetic code from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm for translation.
Codon recognition at A-site, peptide bond formation at P-site, ribosome translocation shifting sites, and tRNA exit at E-site.