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Anatomy & Physiology Unit 2: Integumentary, Bone, Skeletal System & Articulations

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Termini in questo insieme (21)

  • What are the main cell types found in the epidermis?

    Keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells, and Langerhans cells are the primary cell types in the epidermis.

  • Name the layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep.

    Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum (only in thick skin), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale.

  • What types of tissue compose the dermis?

    The dermis is primarily composed of dense irregular connective tissue with collagen and elastin fibers.

  • What are the two main layers of the dermis?

    The papillary layer (superficial, loose connective tissue) and the reticular layer (deeper, dense irregular connective tissue).

  • List the accessory structures of the integumentary system.

    Hair follicles, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous (oil) glands.

  • What is the primary function of keratinocytes?

    To produce keratin, a protein that strengthens and waterproofs the skin.

  • Describe the structure and function of bone tissue.

    Bone tissue is a connective tissue with a mineralized matrix providing support, protection, and leverage for movement.

  • What are the four types of bone by shape?

    Long, short, flat, and irregular bones.

  • Explain the difference between intramembranous and endochondral ossification.

    Intramembranous ossification forms bone directly from mesenchyme; endochondral ossification forms bone by replacing hyaline cartilage.

  • What processes regulate bone remodeling?

    Bone deposition by osteoblasts and bone resorption by osteoclasts maintain bone homeostasis.

  • How is calcium homeostasis maintained in the body?

    Through the actions of parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D regulating bone, kidney, and intestinal calcium levels.

  • What are the stages of fracture healing?

    Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling.

  • Name the two main divisions of the skeleton.

    Axial skeleton (skull, vertebral column, rib cage) and appendicular skeleton (limbs and girdles).

  • What is a bony landmark?

    A prominent or distinctive feature on a bone used for identification or muscle attachment, such as a process, foramen, or fossa.

  • How are joints classified structurally?

    As fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial joints based on the type of connective tissue binding the bones.

  • How are joints classified functionally?

    As synarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), or diarthrosis (freely movable).

  • What is the structure of a synovial joint?

    Contains a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid, surrounded by an articular capsule and reinforced by ligaments.

  • Name common diseases affecting joints.

    Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gout are common joint diseases.

  • What is the role of the stratum basale in the epidermis?

    It is the deepest layer where stem cells divide to produce new keratinocytes.

  • What type of connective tissue cells are found in the dermis?

    Fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells are common dermal cells.

  • What is the function of melanocytes?

    To produce melanin, the pigment that protects against UV radiation.