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Anatomy UNIT 1- LECTURE 2# Chemistry and Biochemistry

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Termini in questo insieme (29)

  • What is matter composed of?
    Elements, which are made up of atoms.
  • What are atoms?
    The smallest unit of an element; atoms of the same element are identical.
  • What subatomic particles make up an atom and where are they located?
    Protons (+) and neutrons in the nucleus; electrons (-) orbit outside the nucleus.
  • What defines a neutral atom?
    Number of protons equals electrons, so total charge is zero.
  • What is an ion?
    An atom that has gained or lost electrons and is no longer neutral.
  • What are covalent bonds?
    Chemical bonds where atoms share electrons, e.g., CH4, O2, N2.
  • What are ionic bonds?
    Chemical bonds where one atom loses and another gains electrons, forming ions, e.g., NaCl.
  • What are inorganic substances and examples?
    Compounds generally lacking carbon, e.g., water (H2O), acids, and bases.
  • Why is water important biologically?
    It is a polar molecule, acts as a solvent, participates in reactions, regulates temperature, and lubricates joints.
  • What happens when acids dissociate in water?
    They release H+ ions, increasing acidity and lowering pH.
  • What happens when bases dissociate in water?
    They release OH- ions, increasing pH and making the solution more basic.
  • Describe the pH scale.
    Ranges from 0-14; 7 is neutral, below 7 is acidic, above 7 is basic.
  • What are organic substances?
    Compounds containing carbon, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
  • What is the general formula for carbohydrates?
    CnH2nOn, with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
  • What are monosaccharides?
    Simple sugars and basic carbohydrate units, e.g., glucose and fructose.
  • What are disaccharides?
    Two monosaccharides covalently bonded, e.g., sucrose (glucose + fructose).
  • What are polysaccharides?
    Long chains of monosaccharides, e.g., glycogen in animals and starch in plants.
  • What are proteins made of?
    Chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
  • What are the levels of protein structure?
    Primary: amino acid sequence; proteins fold into specific shapes for function.
  • What are lipids and their common types?
    Fats including glycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.
  • What is a triglyceride?
    A glycerol molecule bound to three fatty acids.
  • Describe phospholipids.
    Molecules with two fatty acid tails (nonpolar, hydrophobic) and a phosphate head (polar, hydrophilic).
  • What are steroids?
    Lipids with four interlocking hydrocarbon rings, e.g., cholesterol and hormones like estrogen.
  • What are nucleic acids composed of?
    Nucleotides made of a phosphate group, a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and an organic base.
  • What bases are found in DNA and RNA?
    DNA: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine; RNA: adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine.
  • How do DNA bases pair?
    Adenine pairs with thymine (2 hydrogen bonds), cytosine pairs with guanine (3 hydrogen bonds).
  • How do RNA bases pair?
    Adenine pairs with uracil (2 hydrogen bonds), cytosine pairs with guanine (3 hydrogen bonds).
  • What is ATP and its function?
    Adenosine triphosphate stores energy in high-energy phosphate bonds used to power cellular processes.
  • What happens when ATP loses phosphate groups?
    ATP becomes ADP, then AMP, releasing energy for cellular work.