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Appendicular Skeleton - Anatomy & Physiology

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Termini in questo insieme (34)

  • What bones form the pectoral girdle?
    The pectoral girdle consists of one clavicle and one scapula on each side, connecting the arm to the trunk.
  • What is the function of the pectoral girdle?
    It connects each arm to the trunk and provides a basis for arm movement, offering high mobility but less strength.
  • Describe the clavicle and its key features.
    The clavicle is an S-shaped bone with a sternal end articulating with the manubrium and an acromial end articulating with the scapula. It has the conoid tubercle and costal tuberosity for muscle and ligament attachment.
  • What is the scapula and its main borders?
    The scapula is a flat, triangular bone with superior, medial (vertebral), and lateral (axillary) borders.
  • Name the three angles of the scapula.
    Superior angle, inferior angle, and lateral angle.
  • What is the glenoid cavity of the scapula?
    A cup-shaped surface at the lateral angle that articulates with the humerus to form the shoulder joint.
  • What are the scapular processes and their functions?
    The coracoid process (smaller, anterior) and acromion (larger, posterior) provide attachment points for ligaments and tendons; the acromion articulates with the clavicle.
  • What is the spine of the scapula?
    A ridge on the posterior surface dividing it into the supraspinous fossa (above) and infraspinous fossa (below).
  • What bones make up the upper limb?
    The upper limb includes the humerus (arm), radius and ulna (forearm), carpals (wrist), metacarpals (hand), and phalanges (fingers).
  • Describe the humerus and its key features.
    A long bone with a head articulating with the scapula, greater and lesser tubercles for muscle attachment, anatomical and surgical necks, and a shaft with the deltoid tuberosity.
  • What is the significance of the surgical neck of the humerus?
    It corresponds to the metaphysis of the growing bone and is a common site of fractures.
  • What are the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus?
    Side projections on the distal shaft; the medial epicondyle is known as the 'funny bone'.
  • What bones form the forearm?
    The forearm consists of two long bones: the ulna (medial) and the radius (lateral).
  • What is the interosseous membrane?
    A fibrous sheet connecting the lateral margin of the ulna to the radius, stabilizing the forearm bones.
  • Describe the olecranon of the ulna.
    The proximal end forming the point of the elbow, fitting into the olecranon fossa of the humerus during extension.
  • What is the trochlear notch of the ulna?
    A U-shaped notch that articulates with the trochlea of the humerus, formed by the olecranon and coronoid process.
  • Describe the head of the radius and its articulation.
    The disc-shaped proximal end articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and fits into the radial fossa during elbow flexion.
  • How many carpal bones are in the wrist and how are they arranged?
    There are eight carpal bones arranged in two rows: four proximal and four distal bones.
  • Name the proximal carpal bones.
    Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform.
  • Name the distal carpal bones.
    Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate.
  • What bones make up the pelvic girdle?
    Two hip bones (coxal bones), each formed by the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.
  • What is the acetabulum?
    A socket on the lateral surface of the hip bone where the ilium, ischium, and pubis meet; articulates with the femur head.
  • What is the obturator foramen?
    A large opening encircled by the ischial and pubic rami, closed by collagen fibers for muscle attachment.
  • What are the key features of the ilium?
    Iliac crest, iliac fossa, iliac spines, greater sciatic notch, and arcuate line.
  • What are the key features of the ischium?
    Ischial spine, ischial tuberosity, lesser sciatic notch, and ischial ramus.
  • What are the key features of the pubis?
    Superior and inferior pubic rami, pubic symphysis.
  • What bones form the lower limb?
    Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsals, and phalanges.
  • Describe the femur and its important landmarks.
    The longest bone with a head articulating with the hip, greater and lesser trochanters for muscle attachment, linea aspera, and medial/lateral condyles for knee articulation.
  • What is the patella and its function?
    A sesamoid bone within the quadriceps tendon that protects the knee joint and improves leverage.
  • Describe the tibia and its key features.
    The large medial bone of the leg with medial and lateral condyles, tibial tuberosity, anterior margin, and medial malleolus.
  • Describe the fibula and its function.
    A smaller lateral bone that stabilizes the ankle and serves as muscle attachment; it does not articulate with the femur.
  • What bones make up the ankle (tarsus)?
    Seven tarsal bones: talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, and three cuneiform bones (medial, intermediate, lateral).
  • What are the arches of the foot and their function?
    Longitudinal and transverse arches transfer weight and are maintained by ligaments and tendons.
  • What are the sex differences in the pelvis?
    Female pelvis is broader, smoother, lighter with a wider pelvic outlet and pubic angle ≥100°; male pelvis is narrower, rougher, more robust with a pubic angle ≤90°.