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Atoms, Molecules, and Bonds - Anatomy & Physiology

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Termini in questo insieme (20)

  • What is matter?

    Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. It can be seen, smelled, or felt and exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas.

  • Define energy and its two main forms.

    Energy is the capacity to do work or put matter into motion. It exists as kinetic energy (energy in action) and potential energy (stored energy).

  • List the four elements that make up 96% of the human body.

    Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen make up 96% of the human body.

  • What is an element?

    An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods.

  • What are atoms?

    Atoms are the unique building blocks of each element and the smallest particles with properties of that element.

  • Name the three subatomic particles of an atom and their charges.

    Protons (+1 charge), neutrons (0 charge), and electrons (-1 charge).

  • Where are protons, neutrons, and electrons located in an atom?

    Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus; electrons orbit around the nucleus in electron clouds.

  • What is the difference between the planetary and orbital models of the atom?

    The planetary model shows electrons in fixed orbits; the orbital model shows probable regions (electron clouds) where electrons are likely found.

  • What determines the chemical behavior of an atom?

    The number of electrons in the outermost shell (valence shell) determines an atom's chemical behavior.

  • Define atomic number and mass number.

    Atomic number is the number of protons in the nucleus. Mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons.

  • What are isotopes?

    Isotopes are structural variations of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

  • What are radioisotopes and their significance?

    Radioisotopes are unstable isotopes that decay, releasing energy (radioactivity). They are used in biological research and medicine.

  • Define molecule and compound.

    A molecule is two or more atoms bonded together. A compound is a molecule with two or more different kinds of atoms bonded.

  • What is the role of trace elements in the human body?

    Trace elements are required in minute amounts and often function as enzyme cofactors or parts of enzymes.

  • Give examples of major elements and their body functions.

    Oxygen (cellular energy production), carbon (organic molecules), hydrogen (pH influence), nitrogen (proteins and nucleic acids).

  • What is the significance of calcium in the body?

    Calcium is found in bones and teeth and is required for muscle contraction, nerve impulse conduction, and blood clotting.

  • How is sodium important in the body?

    Sodium ions are the major positive ions in extracellular fluids, important for water balance, nerve impulses, and muscle contraction.

  • Explain the concept of energy conversion and its efficiency.

    Energy can be converted from one form to another, but conversions are inefficient as some energy is lost as heat.

  • What is the atomic mass unit (amu)?

    The atomic mass unit is a unit of mass used to express atomic and molecular weights, approximately equal to the mass of a proton or neutron.

  • How do electrons influence an atom's reactivity?

    Atoms with unpaired electrons in their valence shell are more reactive because they tend to form bonds to complete their outer shell.