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Basic Chemistry Concepts in Anatomy & Physiology

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Termini in questo insieme (20)

  • What is matter and what are its states?
    Matter is the stuff of the universe and has mass. Its states include solid, liquid, and gas.
  • What are the main forms of energy relevant to physiology?
    Kinetic and potential energy exist. Forms include chemical (e.g., ATP), electrical (nerve impulses), mechanical (movement), and radiant (electromagnetic radiation).
  • What are the main parts of an atom?
    An atom consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in electron clouds or orbitals.
  • What is the difference between the planetary and orbital models of the atom?
    The planetary model is 2D and shows fixed electron paths; the orbital model is 3D and shows probable electron locations as clouds.
  • How are elements identified by atomic structure?
    Elements are identified by their atomic number (number of protons), mass number (protons + neutrons), and atomic weight.
  • What are isotopes?
    Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons, affecting their mass but not chemical properties.
  • What are radioisotopes and their types of radiation?
    Radioisotopes emit alpha (𝛼), beta (β), or gamma (𝛾) radiation and have characteristic half-lives.
  • What is the difference between molecules, compounds, and mixtures?
    Molecules are atoms bonded of the same element; compounds are molecules of different elements; mixtures are physical combinations of substances.
  • What distinguishes solutions, colloids, and suspensions?
    Solutions are homogeneous mixtures; colloids have larger particles and show sol-gel transformations; suspensions have large particles that settle out.
  • What is the role of electrons in chemical bonding?
    Electrons in the valence shell determine bonding; atoms follow the octet rule to have 8 electrons in their outer shell.
  • What are ionic bonds?
    Ionic bonds form when electrons are transferred from an electron donor (cation) to an acceptor (anion), often forming salts.
  • What are covalent bonds?
    Covalent bonds involve shared electrons between atoms and can be single, double, or triple bonds.
  • What is the difference between nonpolar and polar covalent bonds?
    Nonpolar bonds share electrons equally; polar bonds have unequal sharing creating dipoles with electronegative and electropositive ends.
  • What are hydrogen bonds and their importance?
    Hydrogen bonds are weak intermolecular attractions important for surface tension and molecular interactions.
  • What are the three main types of chemical reactions?
    Synthesis (anabolic), decomposition (catabolic), and exchange (displacement) reactions.
  • What is oxidation-reduction (redox) in chemical reactions?
    Oxidation is loss of electrons; reduction is gain. Mnemonic: LE↽O says GER (Lose Electrons = Oxidation, Gain Electrons = Reduction).
  • What is the difference between exergonic and endergonic reactions?
    Exergonic reactions release energy; endergonic reactions absorb energy.
  • What factors influence the rate of chemical reactions?
    Temperature, concentration, particle size, and catalysts (like enzymes) affect reaction rates.
  • How does radioactive iodine therapy treat thyroid cancer?
    Radioactive iodine is ingested, absorbed into the bloodstream, taken up by the thyroid, and radiation destroys cancerous and normal thyroid cells.
  • What is the difference between atomic number and atomic weight?
    Atomic number is the number of protons; atomic weight is the average mass of protons and neutrons in an atom.