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Basic Chemistry Concepts in Anatomy & Physiology

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Termini in questo insieme (21)

  • What is matter?

    Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. It can be seen, smelled, or felt.

  • What are the three states of matter?

    Solid (definite shape and volume), Liquid (changeable shape, definite volume), Gas (changeable shape and volume).

  • Define energy in physiological terms.

    Energy is the capacity to do work or put matter into motion. It has no mass or volume.

  • What are the two main forms of energy?

    Kinetic energy (energy in action) and Potential energy (stored energy).

  • Name four forms of energy relevant to physiology.

    Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical, and Radiant (electromagnetic) energy.

  • What are elements in the context of the human body?

    Elements are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods.

  • Which four elements make up 96% of the human body?

    Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen.

  • What is an atom?

    The smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element.

  • What are the three subatomic particles of an atom?

    Protons (+ charge), Neutrons (no charge), Electrons (− charge).

  • What does the atomic number represent?

    The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

  • What is the mass number of an atom?

    The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

  • Define molecule and compound.

    A molecule is two or more atoms bonded together; a compound is a molecule with two or more different kinds of atoms.

  • What are chemical bonds?

    Energy relationships between electrons of reacting atoms that hold atoms together.

  • What is the valence shell?

    The outermost electron shell of an atom, containing electrons involved in chemical bonding.

  • Explain the octet rule.

    Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to have 8 electrons in their valence shell for stability (2 for smaller atoms like H and He).

  • What are the three major types of chemical bonds?

    Ionic bonds, Covalent bonds, and Hydrogen bonds.

  • How are ionic bonds formed?

    By transfer of valence electrons from one atom to another, creating oppositely charged ions that attract.

  • What is an example of an ionic compound?

    Sodium chloride (NaCl), formed by Na+ and Cl− ions.

  • How are covalent bonds formed?

    By sharing of two or more valence electrons between atoms.

  • What are polar and nonpolar covalent bonds?

    Polar bonds share electrons unequally; nonpolar bonds share electrons equally.

  • Give examples of single, double, and triple covalent bonds.

    Single: methane (CH4), Double: oxygen gas (O2), Triple: nitrogen gas (N2).