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Basic Concepts in Anatomy & Physiology Chemistry

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Termini in questo insieme (22)

  • Define matter and its three basic forms

    Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. The three basic forms are solid, liquid, and gas.

  • Define energy and differentiate kinetic and potential energy with body examples

    Energy is the capacity to do work. Kinetic energy is energy of motion (e.g., muscle contraction), while potential energy is stored energy (e.g., chemical energy in ATP).

  • Define an atom and an element

    An atom is the smallest unit of matter that retains properties of an element. An element is a substance made of only one type of atom.

  • List the main elements comprising the human body

    The main elements are oxygen (O), carbon (C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P).

  • Describe the atomic structure of an element

    An atom has a nucleus with protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons in shells or orbitals.

  • Compare molecules and compounds

    A molecule is two or more atoms bonded together. A compound is a molecule made of different elements.

  • Identify solvent and solute in a solution

    The solvent is the substance that dissolves another (usually water), and the solute is the substance dissolved.

  • Compare solutions and suspensions

    Solutions are homogeneous mixtures with solutes dissolved at the molecular level. Suspensions have larger particles that may settle out over time.

  • Determine if an element is stable, reactive, or inert

    Elements with full outer electron shells are inert. Those with incomplete shells are reactive and seek stability by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons.

  • Explain how reactive elements become more stable

    Reactive elements achieve stability by forming chemical bonds: ionic, covalent, or hydrogen bonds.

  • Compare ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds

    Ionic bonds form by electron transfer; covalent bonds by electron sharing; hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between polar molecules.

  • Contrast types of covalent bonds

    Single bonds share one pair of electrons, double bonds share two pairs, and polar covalent bonds share electrons unequally.

  • Give examples of synthesis, decomposition, exchange, and reversible reactions

    Synthesis: A + B → AB
    Decomposition: AB → A + B
    Exchange: AB + CD → AD + CB
    Reversible: A + B ⇌ AB

  • Explain factors affecting reaction rates

    Reaction rates depend on temperature, concentration, particle size, and presence of catalysts. Faster rates are vital for metabolism.

  • Contrast organic and inorganic compounds

    Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen (e.g., carbohydrates). Inorganic compounds generally lack carbon (e.g., water, salts).

  • Describe the 5 major organic compounds in the body

    They are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and ATP. Each has unique structure and function.

  • Compare structural and active proteins

    Structural proteins provide support (e.g., collagen). Active proteins perform functions like enzymes and hormones.

  • Explain enzyme specificity and characteristics

    Enzymes are specific to substrates, act as catalysts, lower activation energy, and are not consumed in reactions.

  • Describe functions and properties of water

    Water is a solvent, temperature buffer, lubricant, and reactant in many biochemical reactions.

  • Differentiate acids, bases, and salts chemically

    Acids release H+ ions, bases release OH- ions, and salts are products of acid-base reactions.

  • Explain the function of buffers and their components

    Buffers maintain pH by using a weak acid and its conjugate base to neutralize excess H+ or OH-.

  • Define pH and identify strong/weak acids and bases

    pH measures hydrogen ion concentration. Strong acids have pH near 0, weak acids near 6, neutral is 7, weak bases near 8-11, and strong bases near 14.