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Biomolecules in Anatomy & Physiology

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Termini in questo insieme (20)

  • What are the four important classes of biological molecules?
    Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids.
  • What is the structural basis of biological molecules?
    Carbon forms the skeletons of biological molecules by bonding with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other atoms.
  • How do carbon skeletons vary?
    They vary in length, branching, double bond position, and presence of rings.
  • What are hydrocarbons?
    Organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen, often found in fats and can release large energy.
  • What is dehydration synthesis?
    A reaction where two monomers bond by removal of a water molecule.
  • What is hydrolysis?
    The breakdown of polymers into monomers by adding a water molecule.
  • What are carbohydrates composed of?
    They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with hydrogen and oxygen in a 2:1 ratio.
  • What are the three classes of carbohydrates?
    Monosaccharides (single sugars), disaccharides (two sugars), and polysaccharides (many sugars).
  • What is the general formula for monosaccharides?
    CH2O (n), where n is the number of carbon atoms.
  • Name important monosaccharides.
    Ribose, deoxyribose (pentose sugars), and glucose (hexose sugar).
  • What are disaccharides?
    Double sugars formed by dehydration synthesis of two monosaccharides, e.g., sucrose, maltose, lactose.
  • What are polysaccharides?
    Polymers of monosaccharides formed by dehydration synthesis, e.g., starch (plants) and glycogen (animals).
  • What are lipids?
    Hydrophobic molecules mostly made of hydrocarbons, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids.
  • What are triglycerides composed of?
    Three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule by dehydration synthesis.
  • Difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
    Saturated have single bonds and pack tightly (solid at room temp); unsaturated have double bonds causing kinks (liquid at room temp).
  • What are phospholipids?
    Modified triglycerides with two fatty acids and a phosphorus-containing group; have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.
  • Why are phospholipids important?
    They form the bilayer structure of cell membranes.
  • What is the structure of steroids?
    Consist of four interlocking hydrocarbon rings.
  • What is the most important steroid?
    Cholesterol, which is a precursor for vitamin D, steroid hormones, and bile salts.
  • How do dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis relate?
    Dehydration synthesis builds polymers by removing water; hydrolysis breaks polymers by adding water.