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Bone Tissue & Bone Structure - Anatomy & Physiology

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Termini in questo insieme (61)

  • Major functions of the skeletal system

    Support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, and energy storage.

  • Components of the bone matrix

    Collagen fibers for flexibility

    Calcium phosphate for strength.

  • Intramembranous ossification

    Bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue, mainly in flat bones like the skull.

  • Endochondral ossification

    Bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage, typical in long bones.

  • Epiphyseal plate

    Growing (Children)

  • Epiphyseal line

    End of growth

  • Role of PTH in blood calcium regulation

    Increases blood calcium

    Stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone

  • Role of calcitonin in blood calcium regulation

    Lowers blood calcium

    Inhibiting osteoclast activity

  • Open fracture

    Breaks the skin.

  • Closed fracture

    Does not break the skin

  • Major stages of fracture healing

    Hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling.

  • Osteopenia

    A condition of reduced bone mass (pre-osteoporosis)

  • Osteoporosis

    Severe bone loss leading to fragile bones and increased fracture risk.

  • BLAST

    Builds bone → Osteoblast.

  • CYTE

    Mature/Maintains bone → Osteocyte.

  • CLAST

    Breaks down bone → Osteoclast.

  • Epi-

    Ends

  • Dia-

    Shaft

  • Peri-

    Around

  • Endo-

    Inside, within

  • Epithelial Line

    Finished growing

  • Epithelial Plate

    Growing - Hyaline Cartilage until adulthood

  • Compact bone

    Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer.

  • Spongy bone

    Spongy bone is porous, found inside bones, and contains red marrow.

  • Major structures of a long bone

    Includes the epiphysis (ends), diaphysis (shaft), periosteum (outer covering), medullary cavity (inside shaft), and articular cartilage (covers ends).

  • Epiphysis

    Ends of long bone

  • Diaphysis

    Shaft of long bone

  • Periosteum

    Covers outer surface of bone

  • Periosteum - Osteogenic layer

    Cells for bone formation or bone break down

  • Periosteum - Fibrous layer

    DENSE IRREGULAR Connective Tissue, for the attachment of muscle tendons to bone

  • Endosteum

    Inner marrow lining

  • Articular Cartilage

    Cartilage on the outer surface of the epiphysis, where the bone forms a joint with another bone

  • Osteon

    Basic unit of compact bone

  • Scattered cells

    Osteocyte in lacunae

  • Matrix

    Calcium salt & Collagen fibers

  • Ground Substance

    Calcium phosphate and Calcium carbonate

  • Without calcium, bones would be

    Rubbery

  • Without collagen, bones would be

    Brittle

  • Calcium makes the bones

    Strong

  • Collagen makes the bone

    Flexible

  • Osteoprogenitor Cells are found where

    Endosteum and periosteum

    Mesenchymal stem cells -> osteoprogenitor cells -> osteoblasts

  • Osteoblasts

    Build bone

  • Osteocytes

    Maintain bone, mature bone cells

  • Osteoclasts

    Break down bone

  • Osteoblasts trapped in lacuna become what

    Osteocytes

  • Osteogenesis

    Bone formation

  • Ossification

    The process of replacing other tissues with bone

  • Calcification

    The process of depositing calcium salts

  • Forms of ossification

    Intramembranous ossification

    Endochondral ossification

  • Intramembranous Ossification

    Mesenchymal or fibrouse connective tissue

  • Endochondral Ossification

    Ossifies bones that originate as hyaline cartilage

  • Calcium homeostasis is maintained with

    the Calcitonin and Parathyroid hormone

  • Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

    Increases blood calcium

    Stimulating osteoclasts activity

  • Calcitonin

    Decreases calcium ion levels in blood by

    Inhibiting osteoclasts activity

  • Greenstick fracture

    One side of shaft breaks the other side bends

    Common in children

  • Hematoma formation

    • Torn blood vessels

    hemorrhage

    • A mass of clotted blood

    (hematoma) forms at the

    fracture site

    • Site becomes swollen,

    painful, and inflamed

  • Cartilage callus forms (soft callus)

    • Fibrocartilage(soft callus)

    • Osteoblasts and fibroblasts

    migrate to the fracture

    • Fibroblasts secrete collagen

    fibers that connect broken

    bone ends

    • Osteoblasts begin forming

    spongy bone

  • Spongy Bone callus formation

    • New bone trabeculae appear in the soft callus

    • Soft callus converts into a bony (hard callus)

  • Remodeling: Compact Bone formation

    Compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls

  • Skin layers acronym (deep to superficial)

    Bad (deep)

    Sex

    Gets

    Less

    Calls (superficial)

  • Skin layers (deep to superficial)

    Stratum basale

    Stratum spinosm

    Stratum grandulosum

    Stratum lucidum (thick skin)

    Stratum corneum