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Cardiovascular System: Blood - Anatomy & Physiology

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Termini in questo insieme (22)

  • Primary functions of blood

    Transport of gases, nutrients, and wastes; regulation of pH, temperature, and water content; protection through clotting and immune responses.

  • Main components of blood

    Plasma (fluid portion) and formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets).

  • Physical characteristics of blood

    Viscous, slightly alkaline fluid with a temperature around 38°C and a pH of 7.35-7.45.

  • Composition of plasma

    About 90% water, with dissolved proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogen), electrolytes, nutrients, gases, and waste products.

  • Most abundant plasma protein and its function

    Albumin maintains osmotic pressure and transports substances.

  • Structure of erythrocytes

    Biconcave, anucleate cells rich in hemoglobin, optimized for gas transport.

  • Function of erythrocytes

    Transport oxygen from lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs.

  • Formation of erythrocytes

    Produced in red bone marrow through erythropoiesis, stimulated by erythropoietin.

  • Chemical composition of hemoglobin

    Protein with four polypeptide chains, each containing a heme group with an iron ion that binds oxygen.

  • Major function of hemoglobin

    Bind and transport oxygen and assist in carbon dioxide transport.

  • Structure of leukocytes

    Complete cells with nucleus and organelles, larger than erythrocytes, involved in immune defense.

  • Classification of leukocytes

    Divided into granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (lymphocytes, monocytes).

  • Function of neutrophils

    Phagocytize bacteria and fungi; first responders in inflammation.

  • Function of eosinophils

    Combat parasitic infections and modulate allergic responses.

  • Function of basophils

    Release histamine and heparin to promote inflammation and prevent clotting.

  • Function of lymphocytes

    Mediate specific immune responses; include B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells.

  • Function of monocytes

    Differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells to phagocytize pathogens and present antigens.

  • Structure of platelets

    Small, anucleate cell fragments derived from megakaryocytes, involved in clotting.

  • Process of hemostasis

    Sequence of vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation to stop bleeding.

  • Significance of AB blood group

    Universal plasma recipient; has both A and B antigens on erythrocytes and no anti-A or anti-B antibodies.

  • Significance of Rh blood group

    Presence (+) or absence (-) of Rh antigen affects compatibility in transfusions and pregnancy.

  • Common blood disorders: anemia

    Condition with reduced oxygen-carrying capacity due to low erythrocyte count or hemoglobin abnormalities.