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Cell Cycle and Chromosome Structure in Anatomy & Physiology

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Termini in questo insieme (20)

  • What is DNA?

    Deoxyribonucleic acid that contains a sequence of nucleotides determining the genetic code, located in the nucleus.

  • What is a chromosome?

    A highly coiled DNA molecule combined with proteins called histones.

  • What are autosomes and sex chromosomes?

    Autosomes are chromosomes not involved in sex determination; sex chromosomes determine sex (X and Y).

  • What is the human chromosomal pattern?

    Humans have 46 chromosomes: 44 autosomes (22 pairs) and 2 sex chromosomes (XX female, XY male).

  • What is a karyotype?

    An arrangement of chromosomes displayed in pairs for analysis.

  • What is X inactivation?

    One X chromosome in females is randomly inactivated, forming a Barr body, making females genetic mosaics.

  • What is chromatin?

    Uncoiled genetic material present during interphase when DNA is extended.

  • What is a chromatid?

    A complete chromosome attached to its replicate at the centromere.

  • What is a gene?

    A locus on a chromosome with a sequence of ~1000 base pairs coding for a protein and determining a trait.

  • What are homologous chromosomes?

    Chromosomes containing genes for the same traits, one from each parent.

  • Define diploid (2n).

    Cells with the normal number of chromosomes, 46 in humans, found in somatic cells.

  • Define haploid (n).

    Cells with half the normal number of chromosomes, 23 in humans, found in gametes (sperm and ova).

  • What are the main stages of the cell life cycle?

    Interphase, cell division, and differentiation.

  • What happens during interphase?

    Cell is not dividing; DNA is replicated; nuclear membrane and nucleolus are visible; DNA is in chromatin form.

  • What are the divisions of interphase?

    G1 (growth), S (DNA synthesis), and G2 (preparation for mitosis).

  • What occurs during the G1 phase?

    Basic life functions and synthesis of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates; most variation in length.

  • What occurs during the S phase?

    Synthesis of genetic material and other macromolecules.

  • What occurs during the G2 phase?

    More synthesis of macromolecules and preparation for mitosis.

  • What is cytokinesis?

    The division of the cytoplasm, where a cleavage furrow pinches the cell into two.

  • What are the two types of nuclear division?

    Mitosis and meiosis.