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Cells - Unit 3 Human Physiology

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  • What is the basic unit of life in the human body?
    The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life.
  • Name the main parts of a typical human cell.
    The main parts are the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus.
  • What is the function of the plasma membrane?
    It controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell and provides protection.
  • Describe the structure of the plasma membrane.
    It is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates.
  • What is cytoplasm?
    The cytoplasm is the gel-like substance inside the cell where organelles are suspended.
  • What is the role of the nucleus in a cell?
    The nucleus contains DNA and controls cell activities and reproduction.
  • What are organelles?
    Organelles are specialized structures within the cytoplasm that perform specific functions.
  • Name three important organelles and their functions.
    • Mitochondria: produce energy (ATP)
    • Ribosomes: synthesize proteins
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum: transports materials
  • What is the difference between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
    Rough ER has ribosomes and synthesizes proteins; smooth ER lacks ribosomes and synthesizes lipids.
  • What is the function of lysosomes?
    Lysosomes contain enzymes that digest waste and cellular debris.
  • Define diffusion in the context of cell transport.
    Diffusion is the passive movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
  • What is osmosis?
    Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
  • Explain active transport.
    Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient using energy (ATP).
  • What is endocytosis?
    Endocytosis is the process by which cells engulf substances into vesicles to bring them inside.
  • What is exocytosis?
    Exocytosis is the process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane to release contents outside the cell.
  • What is the cell cycle?
    The cell cycle is the series of phases a cell goes through to grow and divide.
  • Name the main phases of the cell cycle.
    • Interphase: cell growth and DNA replication
    • Mitosis: nuclear division
    • Cytokinesis: cytoplasm division
  • What happens during mitosis?
    Mitosis divides the nucleus into two identical nuclei for cell division.
  • What is apoptosis?
    Apoptosis is programmed cell death, a normal process to remove damaged or unnecessary cells.
  • How do cells communicate?
    Cells communicate via chemical signals like hormones and neurotransmitters.