Skip to main content
Indietro

Central Nervous System and Spinal Cord Anatomy & Physiology ch. 12 pt 2

I pulsanti di controllo sono stati cambiati in modalità "navigazione".
1/29

Termini in questo insieme (29)

  • What are the ventricles of the brain?
    Four interconnected, fluid-filled chambers: paired lateral ventricles, third ventricle, fourth ventricle, and the central canal extending into the spinal cord.
  • Function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
    Buoyancy reducing brain weight by 97%, protection cushioning brain from shocks, and chemical stability nourishing tissue and removing waste.
  • Where is CSF produced?
    In the choroid plexus, a cluster of capillaries in each ventricle surrounded by ependymal cells and pia mater.
  • Pathway of CSF circulation
    Produced in choroid plexus → ventricles → subarachnoid space via median and lateral apertures → absorbed into dural venous sinuses through arachnoid granulations.
  • What is hydrocephalus?
    Condition caused by obstruction of CSF flow leading to abnormal accumulation; causes head enlargement in newborns and increased intracranial pressure in adults.
  • Name the three meninges layers
    Dura mater (tough outer layer), arachnoid mater (middle layer with CSF-filled space), and pia mater (delicate inner layer adhering to brain).
  • Functions of the limbic system
    Involved in emotion, memory, and motivation; includes amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, and olfactory bulb.
  • Role of the amygdala in the limbic system
    Processes fear and aggression responses.
  • What is the reticular activating system (RAS)?
    A brainstem network that maintains consciousness and alertness by relaying sensory stimuli to the cerebrum.
  • Broca’s area function
    Responsible for speech production in the left hemisphere.
  • Wernicke’s area function
    Responsible for language comprehension in the left hemisphere.
  • Difference between nonfluent and fluent aphasia
    Nonfluent aphasia: lesion in Broca’s area causing slow, labored speech. Fluent aphasia: lesion in Wernicke’s area causing normal but nonsensical speech.
  • Types of memory
    Declarative (facts/events), procedural (skills), motor (motor skills), and emotional (emotional experiences).
  • Stages of memory storage
    Short-term memory (temporary, hippocampus) and long-term memory (permanent, cerebral cortex).
  • What is amnesia?
    Memory loss; retrograde is loss before event, anterograde is inability to form new memories after event.
  • Brain waves measured by EEG are used to diagnose what?
    Epilepsy, sleep disorders, brain lesions, and brain death.
  • What regulates sleep and sleep-wake cycles?
    The reticular activating system and hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei.
  • Difference between NREM and REM sleep
    NREM has four stages from light to deep sleep; REM occurs ~90 minutes in with dreaming and increased vital signs.
  • Gross structure of the spinal cord
    Extends from foramen magnum to L1/L2 vertebra; ends in conus medullaris; cauda equina is nerve bundle below.
  • Spinal cord meninges and spaces
    Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater; epidural space outside dura with fat; subdural and subarachnoid spaces between layers.
  • What is spina bifida?
    Congenital defect where vertebrae fail to form completely, exposing spinal cord; folic acid reduces risk.
  • Organization of spinal cord gray matter
    Dorsal horn: sensory interneurons; ventral horn: motor neurons; lateral horn: autonomic motor neurons (thoracic/lumbar).
  • Organization of spinal cord white matter
    Myelinated axons in dorsal, ventral, and lateral columns called funiculi.
  • Key features of spinal cord pathways
    Decussation (cross-over), relay (multiple neurons), somatotopy (spatial mapping), and symmetry (paired pathways).
  • Function of medial lemniscal pathway
    Carries discriminative touch, vibration, and proprioception to somatosensory cortex.
  • Function of spinothalamic pathway
    Carries pain, temperature, crude touch, and pressure to somatosensory cortex.
  • Function of spinocerebellar tracts
    Carry proprioception information to cerebellum for muscle coordination.
  • Difference between direct and indirect descending pathways
    Direct (corticospinal) control fast, fine voluntary movements; indirect control axial muscles, balance, posture, and head/eye movements.
  • Origin and function of upper and lower motor neurons
    Upper motor neurons start in motor cortex or brainstem; lower motor neurons start in ventral horn and innervate skeletal muscles.