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Ch.8 Joints

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Termini in questo insieme (30)

  • What are joints (articulations)?
    Sites where two or more bones meet, providing skeleton mobility and holding it together.
  • What are the two main classifications of joints?
    Structural (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial) and functional (synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses).
  • Describe fibrous joints.
    Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue, no joint cavity, mostly immovable.
  • What are sutures?
    Rigid, interlocking fibrous joints of the skull that allow growth during youth and ossify in middle age.
  • What are syndesmoses?
    Bones connected by ligaments with variable fiber length, allowing variable movement.
  • What are gomphoses?
    Peg-in-socket fibrous joints; teeth held in alveolar sockets by periodontal ligament.
  • Describe cartilaginous joints.
    Bones united by cartilage, no joint cavity, not highly movable; includes synchondroses and symphyses.
  • What are synchondroses?
    Bones united by hyaline cartilage, mostly immovable, e.g., epiphyseal plates and 1st rib-sternum joint.
  • What are symphyses?
    Bones united by fibrocartilage, slightly movable, e.g., intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis.
  • What defines synovial joints?
    Bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity, all diarthrotic (freely movable), mostly limb joints.
  • Name the six general features of synovial joints.
    Articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nerves and blood vessels.
  • What is the function of synovial fluid?
    Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage and contains phagocytic cells to remove debris.
  • What are bursae and tendon sheaths?
    Fluid-filled sacs reducing friction; bursae cushion ligaments and tendons, tendon sheaths wrap tendons.
  • What factors influence synovial joint stability?
    Shape of articular surface, number/location of ligaments, and muscle tone (most important).
  • What are the three functional classifications of joints by movement?
    Synarthroses (immovable), amphiarthroses (slightly movable), diarthroses (freely movable).
  • Define gliding movement in synovial joints.
    One flat bone surface slips over another, e.g., intercarpal and intertarsal joints.
  • What are angular movements?
    Movements that increase or decrease the angle between bones, including flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction.
  • Describe rotation movement.
    Turning of a bone around its own long axis, either medially (toward midline) or laterally (away from midline).
  • What are special movements of synovial joints?
    Supination/pronation, dorsiflexion/plantar flexion, inversion/eversion, protraction/retraction, elevation/depression, and opposition.
  • List the six types of synovial joints.
    Plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball-and-socket joints.
  • What is the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)?
    A modified hinge joint between mandibular condyle and temporal bone allowing hinge and gliding movements; most easily dislocated joint.
  • Describe the shoulder (glenohumeral) joint.
    A ball-and-socket joint with great mobility but less stability, reinforced by rotator cuff tendons and ligaments.
  • What stabilizes the elbow joint?
    Hinge joint with anular ligament around radius and ulnar and radial collateral ligaments restricting side-to-side movement.
  • Describe the hip (coxal) joint.
    Ball-and-socket joint with deep acetabulum and strong ligaments providing stability and good range of motion.
  • What are the main features of the knee joint?
    Largest joint, includes femoropatellar and tibiofemoral joints, stabilized by ligaments and menisci, allows flexion, extension, and some rotation.
  • What are common joint injuries?
    Cartilage tears, sprains, dislocations, often requiring surgery or immobilization.
  • What is osteoarthritis?
    Degenerative arthritis caused by cartilage breakdown, common with aging, causing joint stiffness and pain.
  • What is rheumatoid arthritis?
    Chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease causing joint pain, swelling, and tissue destruction.
  • What is gouty arthritis?
    Inflammation caused by uric acid crystal deposits in joints, often affecting the big toe.
  • What is Lyme disease in relation to joints?
    Bacterial infection from tick bites causing joint pain and arthritis if untreated.