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chapter 1 a&p lecture for exam

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Termini in questo insieme (38)

  • What is Anatomy and Physiology?

    Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body, while Physiology is the study of its function.

  • What are the characteristics of living organisms?

    Cellular composition, metabolism, growth, excretion, responsiveness, movement, and reproduction.

  • What is metabolism?

    The sum of all chemical reactions in the body, including anabolic (building up) and catabolic (breaking down) processes.

  • List the levels of structural organization in the human body from simplest to most complex.

    Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism.

  • What is the chemical level of organization?

    Atoms and molecules that form the chemical foundation of the body.

  • What defines the cellular level?

    Molecules combine to form cells, the basic units of life.

  • What is the tissue level?

    Groups of similar cells and their extracellular matrix performing specific functions.

  • What is an organ?

    Two or more tissue types forming a structure with specialized functions.

  • Name the 11 major organ systems of the human body.

    Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive.

  • What are the main functions of the integumentary system?

    Protection, vitamin D synthesis, water retention, and temperature regulation.

  • What is the primary function of the skeletal system?

    Support, protection, leverage for movement, blood cell production, and calcium storage.

  • What does the muscular system do?

    Enables movement, controls body openings, and generates heat.

  • What are the main components of the nervous system?

    Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

  • What is the role of the endocrine system?

    Secretion of hormones and regulation of other tissues.

  • What does the cardiovascular system do?

    Transports cells, nutrients, wastes, and oxygen throughout the body.

  • What is the function of the lymphatic system?

    Returns fluid to the bloodstream and provides immunity.

  • What are the main functions of the respiratory system?

    Oxygen delivery, carbon dioxide removal, and acid-base balance.

  • What does the digestive system do?

    Digests food, absorbs nutrients, and removes waste.

  • What is the function of the urinary system?

    Removes waste and maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance.

  • What are the main functions of the reproductive system?

    Production of gametes, hormone secretion, and fetal development (female).

  • What is the anatomical position?

    Body standing upright, feet shoulder-width apart, arms at sides, palms facing forward; used as a reference for anatomical descriptions.

  • Define the directional term 'anterior'.

    Toward the front of the body (ventral).

  • Define the directional term 'posterior'.

    Toward the back of the body (dorsal).

  • What does 'superior' mean in anatomical terms?

    Toward the head or upper part of the body (cranial).

  • What does 'inferior' mean in anatomical terms?

    Toward the tail or lower part of the body (caudal).

  • What is the difference between 'medial' and 'lateral'?

    Medial means toward the midline; lateral means away from the midline.

  • What are the major body cavities?

    Posterior (cranial and vertebral) and anterior (thoracic and abdominopelvic) cavities.

  • What organs are in the thoracic cavity?

    Lungs (pleural cavities), heart (pericardial cavity), trachea, and esophagus (mediastinum).

  • What are the subdivisions of the abdominopelvic cavity?

    Abdominal cavity (digestive organs) and pelvic cavity (reproductive and urinary organs).

  • What are the four abdominopelvic quadrants?

    Right upper (RUQ), right lower (RLQ), left upper (LUQ), left lower (LLQ).

  • What are serous membranes?

    Thin, double-layered membranes producing serous fluid to reduce friction around organs.

  • Name the three main serous membranes and the organs they surround.

    Pleura (lungs), pericardium (heart), peritoneum (abdominal organs).

  • What is homeostasis?

    Maintenance of a stable internal environment essential for health and survival.

  • Describe negative feedback in homeostasis.

    A mechanism that opposes an initial change to return a variable to normal, e.g., body temperature regulation.

  • Describe positive feedback in homeostasis.

    A mechanism that reinforces an initial stimulus, often for rapid response, e.g., blood clotting.

  • What is the principle of complementarity in anatomy and physiology?

    The form of a structure is always suited to its function.

  • What role do gradients play in physiology?

    Differences in temperature, concentration, or pressure that drive physiological processes.

  • How do cells communicate to maintain homeostasis?

    Via chemical messengers or electrical signals coordinating cell functions.