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Termini in questo insieme (26)

  • What is the relationship between anatomy and physiology?

    Anatomy is the study of body structure, while physiology is the study of body function. Form determines function, meaning the structure of a body part relates directly to its function.

  • What are the levels of structural organization in the human body?

    Levels include: Chemical (atoms and molecules), Cellular (cells and organelles), Tissue (groups of similar cells), Organ (two or more tissue types), Organ system (organs working together), and Organismal (all systems combined).

  • Name the 11 major organ systems of the human body.

    Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, and Reproductive systems.

  • What are the necessary life functions all living organisms perform?

    Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, and growth.

  • What are the survival needs of the human body?

    Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and appropriate atmospheric pressure.

  • Define homeostasis and its importance.

    Homeostasis is the maintenance of stable internal conditions despite external changes, essential for normal body function and survival.

  • What are the three components of a homeostatic control system?

    Receptor (detects change), Control center (processes information and sets set point), and Effector (carries out response).

  • Explain negative feedback in homeostasis.

    Negative feedback reduces or shuts off the original stimulus, returning the variable to its set point (e.g., regulation of body temperature).

  • Explain positive feedback and give examples.

    Positive feedback enhances the original stimulus, often in a cascade effect, and controls infrequent events (e.g., labor contractions, blood clotting).

  • What is the anatomical position and why is it important?

    Standard body position: standing erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward. It provides a consistent reference for anatomical terminology.

  • Define the directional terms: superior, inferior, anterior, and posterior.

    Superior: toward the head; Inferior: away from the head; Anterior: front of the body; Posterior: back of the body.

  • What are the three major body planes?

    Sagittal (divides body into right and left), Frontal (coronal) (divides into front and back), and Transverse (horizontal) (divides into top and bottom).

  • What are the two main body cavities and their subdivisions?

    Dorsal cavity: cranial and vertebral cavities; Ventral cavity: thoracic (pleural, pericardial, mediastinum) and abdominopelvic (abdominal and pelvic) cavities.

  • What is the function of serous membranes in the ventral body cavity?

    Serous membranes line and cover organs, producing lubricating serous fluid to reduce friction between organs and cavity walls.

  • What are the four basic tissue types?

    Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.

  • What are the five distinguishing characteristics of epithelial tissue?

    Polarity, specialized contacts, supported by connective tissue, avascular but innervated, and regeneration.

  • How are epithelial tissues classified?

    By number of layers: simple (one layer) or stratified (multiple layers); and by cell shape: squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube), or columnar (tall).

  • What are the main functions of connective tissue?

    Binding and support, protection, insulation, energy storage, and transport of substances.

  • What are the three main components of connective tissue?

    Ground substance, fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular), and cells (fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, etc.).

  • What are the three types of muscle tissue?

    Skeletal (voluntary, striated), cardiac (involuntary, striated), and smooth (involuntary, non-striated).

  • What are the two main types of sweat glands?

    Eccrine (merocrine) glands for thermoregulation; Apocrine glands in axillary and anogenital areas, secreting viscous sweat.

  • What are the main functions of the skin?

    Protection, body temperature regulation, cutaneous sensations, metabolic functions, blood reservoir, and excretion.

  • What are the three pigments that determine skin color?

    Melanin (made by melanocytes), carotene (yellow-orange pigment), and hemoglobin (pinkish hue from blood).

  • What is the ABCD rule for recognizing melanoma?

    A: Asymmetry; B: Border irregularity; C: Color variation; D: Diameter larger than 6 mm.

  • What are the classifications of burns by severity?

    First-degree: epidermal damage; Second-degree: epidermal and upper dermal damage; Third-degree: full thickness skin damage.

  • What is the rule of nines in burn assessment?

    Body divided into 11 sections each representing 9% of total body surface area to estimate fluid loss and burn severity.