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Indietro

Chapter 2 - The Cell (Exam I)

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Termini in questo insieme (69)

  • what are the 2 categories of cells

    sex cells and somatic cells

  • cytology is the study of ___

    cells

  • do cells generally have the same DNA

    yes

  • mitochondria has DNA from ___

    mom

  • lysosomes, peroxisomes, and catalases are all ____

    digestive

  • which cells don't have nuclei

    MATURE RBCs

  • what is inside the cytoplasm

    everything in the cell

  • free floating ribosomes are also called ___ and also provide sites for what type of synthesis

    polysomes

    protein

  • function of mitochondria

    produces 95% of the ATP required by cell

  • What is double membraned with inner membrane folds (___) that enclose metabolic enzymes

    mitochondria

    cristae

  • The ____ is nucleoplasm containing nucleotides, enzymes, nucleoproteins, and chromatin; surrounded by a double membrane (___) containing nuclear pores

    nucleus

    nuclear envelope

  • The ___ is a dense region in nucleoplasm containing DNA and RNA

    nucleolus

  • The ___ is a network of membranous channels extending throughout the cytoplasm. ___ has ribosomes bound to membranes. ___ lacks attached ribosomes

    endoplasmic reticulum

    RER

    SER

  • ___ are stacks of flattened membranes (___) containing chambers

    golgi apparatus

    cristinae

  • ___ are vesicles containing digestive enzymes

    lysosomes

  • ___ are vesicles containing degradative enzymes

    peroxisomes

  • ___ are RNA + proteins

    ribosomes

  • plasmalemma is composed of a _____ _____ which has a ___ head and ____ tail

    phospholipid bilayer

    hydrophilic

    hydrophobic

  • ___ is when solutes pass through a membrane from high to low solute concentration

    diffusion

  • ___ is when WATER diffuses from a low to high solute concentration

    osmosis

  • ___ is a passive process where solutes are transported across the membrane by carrier protein following the concentration gradient

    facilitated diffusion

  • ____ uses enzymes and carrier proteins to transport materials across plasmalemma despite an opposing concentration gradiet

    active transport

  • ___ are carrier proteins for charged particles; one that moves two ions at the same time in opposite directions is called the ____

    ion pumps

    exchange pump

  • ___ of cell "drinking," is when the cell brings in extracellular fluid and small molecules by forming vesicles

    pinocytosis

  • ___ or cell "eating," is when vesicles form at the membrane to bring solid materials into the cell (bacteria, viruses, cell debris, foreign material)

    phagocytosis

  • ___ ____ ____ is when targe molecules, or ___, bind to specific receptor proteins on a membrane and trigger vesicle formation

    receptor-mediated endocytosis

    ligands

  • ___ is the fusion of vesicles containing fluids and/or solids with the plasmalemma

    exocytosis

  • ___ is the formation of membranous vesicles (___) containing fluid or solid material at the plasmalemma

    endocytosis

    endosomes

  • the cytoplasm is very high in ___

    proteins

  • the cytosol is high in ____ ions, and contain an overall ___ charge

    potassium

    negative

  • ____ are structures within the cytoplasm that have a particular function and very distinct structure

    organelles

  • ____ tighten and cause cleavage furrow during mitosis

    microfilaments

  • ___ attach to sister chromatids during mitosis

    microtubules

  • a pair of centrioles is called a

    centrosome

  • ___ are the folds of inner membrane that increase surface area

    cristae

  • ___ is 9 groups of microtubes with doublets forming a cylinder around the central pair

    cilia

  • ___ are a DNA + histone complex

    nucleosomes

  • ___ is region on a pair of sister of chromatids that connects to pair together

    centromere, NOT centriole/centrosome

  • RER and SER are continuous and connected with the ___ ___

    nuclear envelope

  • ___ are when chromosomes are loosely coiled

    chromatin

  • what are the 4 major functions of the ER

    synthesis of macromolecules

    storage of macromolecules

    transport via vesicular transport (to golgi)

    detoxification via enzymes in the ER lumen

  • ___ is the small space between the two layers of the nuclear membrane

    perinuclear space

  • 3 main functions of the golgi apparatus

    synthesis and packaging of secretions

    packing of enzymes for use in cytosol (lysosome)

    RENEWAL and modification of the plasmalemma

  • as the cell brings in things via receptor-mediated endocytosis, you ___ the size of the plasmalemma

    reduce

  • which organelle replaces lost plasmalemma?

    golgi appratus

  • molecules move from the ___ to the ___ of the golgi apparatus

    cis (immature)

    trans (mature)

  • which organelles are non-membranous? which ones are membranous?

    Non-membranous: cilia, flagella, centrioles, cytoskeleton, ribosomes

    Membranous: lysosomes, mitochondria, nucleus, golgi apparatus, ER, peroxisomes

  • Describe the composition and function of plasmalemma

    lipid bilayer containing phospholipids, steroids, proteins, and carbohydrates

    isolation, protection, sensitivity, support, control of entrance/exit of materials

  • Describe the composition and function of cytosol

    fluid component of cytoplasm: may contain inclusions of insoluble materials

    distributes materials by diffusion; stores glycogen, pigments, and other materials

  • Describe the composition and function of cytoskeleton

    proteins organized in fine filaments or slender tubes

    strength and support; movement of cellular structures and materials

  • Describe the composition and function of microvilli

    membrane extensions containing microfilaments

    increase surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials

  • Describe the composition and function of Centrosomes

    cytoplasm containing two centrioles at right angles; each centriole is composed of 9 microtubule triplets

    Essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division by producing microtubules that attach to kinetochore on pair of sister chromatids

  • Describe the composition and function of Cilia

    Membrane extensions containing microtubule doublets in a 9+2 array

    movement of materials over a cell surface

  • Describe the composition and function of ribosomes

    RNA + proteins; fixed ribosomes bound to RER; free ribosomes (aka polysomes) scattered in cytoplasm

    protein synthesis

  • The ____ is the control center of the cell; it does this by controlling which ___ are synthesized

    nucelus

    proteins

  • What are the 3 ways that lysosomes function?

    fuse with phagosomes to digest solid materials

    fuse with and recycle damaged organelles

    rupture, resulting in autolysis (self-digestion)

  • What do peroxisomes do? which organ are they abundant in? which organelle are they formed by?

    digest fats and toxins; convert hydrogen peroxide to water

    liver

    ribosome

  • _____ is the continual movement and recycling of plasmalemma

    which organelles do the recycling?

    membrane flow

    ER, golgi appratus, vesicles

  • Describe GAP junction; what is it also know as?

    when 2 cells are held together by 2 proteins called connexons to form a narrow passageway that lets small molecules/ions pass from cell to cell

    communicating junction

  • what specific structure of cardiac muscle cells is an example of a gap junction?

    intercalated discs

  • Which parts of a cell life cycle are NOT part of mitosis?

    interphase and cytokinesis

  • Describe the phases of interphase:

    G0

    G1

    S

    G2

    G0: specialized cell functions (doing its thing)

    G1: Normal cell functions PLUS cell growth, duplication of organelles, protein synthesis

    S: DNA replication and histone synthesis

    G2: protein synthesis

  • When is DNA replicated?

    During S phase; NOT during mitosis

  • What are the phases of mitosis

    prophase

    metaphase

    anaphase

    telophase

  • Describe prophase

    dissolving of nuclear membrane

    DNA condenses into sister chromatids

    centrosomes' microtubules attach to kinetochores

  • Describe Metaphse

    Sister chromatids are aligned @ metaphase plate (middle)

  • Describe Anaphase

    Microtubes contract, pulling sister chromatid pairs apart into chromosomes

  • Describe Telophase

    A clear cleavage furrow is formed by microfilaments tightening like a belt (contractile ring)

    nuclear membrane starts to form and chromosomes begin uncoiling

  • What is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis called?

    nuceoli