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(CHAPTER 4 PART 3) Muscle, Nervous Tissue, Membranes, and Tissue Repair - Anatomy & Physiology

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Termini in questo insieme (21)

  • What are the three types of muscle tissue?
    Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.
  • Describe skeletal muscle tissue.
    Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with obvious striations. It is voluntary and attached to bones for movement.
  • What is a key feature of cardiac muscle cells?
    They are branching, striated, generally uninucleate, and connected by intercalated discs.
  • Where is cardiac muscle found and what is its function?
    Found only in the heart walls; it contracts involuntarily to propel blood.
  • Describe smooth muscle tissue.
    Spindle-shaped cells with a single nucleus, no striations, found mainly in walls of hollow organs, and involuntary.
  • What is the main function of smooth muscle?
    To propel substances or objects through internal passageways involuntarily.
  • What are the two specialized cells in nervous tissue?
    Neurons that transmit electrical signals and glial cells that support, insulate, and protect neurons.
  • What is the function of neurons?
    To transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors and support communication in the nervous system.
  • Name the three types of covering and lining membranes.
    Cutaneous membranes, mucous membranes, and serous membranes.
  • What is the cutaneous membrane?
    The skin; a dry membrane composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and underlying connective tissue.
  • Where are mucous membranes found and what is their function?
    Line body cavities open to the exterior; moist membranes that often secrete mucus to protect and lubricate.
  • What are the layers of mucous membranes?
    Epithelial sheet, lamina propria (areolar connective tissue), and muscularis mucosa (smooth muscle).
  • Describe serous membranes.
    Moist membranes lining closed ventral body cavities, consisting of simple squamous epithelium, areolar connective tissue, and smooth muscle.
  • What is the difference between parietal and visceral serosae?
    Parietal serosae line cavity walls; visceral serosae cover internal organs.
  • What fluid fills the cavity between serous membrane layers?
    Serous fluid, which reduces friction between organs and cavity walls.
  • What triggers the inflammatory response in tissue repair?
    Injury causes release of inflammatory chemicals that dilate blood vessels and increase permeability.
  • What are the two major ways tissue repair occurs?
    Regeneration (same tissue replaces destroyed tissue) and fibrosis (connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue).
  • What happens during the organization phase of tissue repair?
    Blood clot is replaced by granulation tissue; epithelium regenerates; fibroblasts produce collagen to bridge the gap.
  • What is the final step in tissue repair?
    Regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair; scab detaches; epithelium thickens; scar tissue forms.
  • Which tissues have high regenerative capacity?
    Epithelial tissues, bone, areolar connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, and blood-forming tissue.
  • Which tissues have little to no regenerative capacity?
    Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue of the brain and spinal cord.