Chapter 5 - The Skeletal System: Osseous Tissue and Skeletal Structure - Exam I

the periosteum holds onto the bone via ____

The matrix of mature bones is called what?

What is the matrix made of in mature bones?

what are the cells found in mature bones

which bone cell is a mature cell that maintains bone tissue

which cell is an immature, active cell of the bone that's found in inner and outer surfaces of bone.

What do these cells produce?

____ are giant multinucleated cells that break down osteoid and release calcium and phosphate

Perforating or ____ canals extend ____ to the surface of the bone and connects ____ to one another

_____ fill in spaces between osteons of compact bones

____ form outer and inner rings on surface of shaft

osteons and central canals are only present in ___ bones

which structures of the bone are present in both spongy and compact bone?

____ are channels that radiate through the matrix and connect lacuna to one another

____ are the rings found around central canals in osteons

a single ___ resides inside a lacunae of bone tissue

spongy bone aka ___ or ____

____ spiral around concentric lamellae at opposite angles, creating a very strong structure

What are the 3 different parts of long compact bones

the ____ is the shaft of a long bone

the ___ are the ends of a long bone

the ___ is the layer that connects the epiphyses and diaphysis

The ____ serves several functions:

____ and ____ the bone from surrounding tissue

provides a ____ and a place of ___ circulatory and nervous supply

actively participates in bone ____ and ____ by having cells that will become osteoblasts

attaches the ____ to the ____

what are the 2 layers of the periosteum

___ is bone formation

____ is the process of depositing calcium salts into tissues

what are the two ways that ossification occurs? Which one makes most of our bones?

which bones are made via intramembranous ossification

Intramembranous ossification

1. ____ cells aggregate, differentiate into ____, and begin the ossification process. The bone expands as a series of ____ that spread into surrounding tissue

Steps of Intramembranous Ossification

1. As the spicules ____, they trap ___ within the bone

Steps of the Intramembranous ossification

1. Over time, the bone assumes the structure of ___ bone. Areas of this region may later be removed, creating _____. Through remodeling, spongy bone may be converted into ____ bone.

Endochondral Ossification

1. As the cartilage enlarges, ___ near the center of the shaft increase in size. The ___ is reduced to a series of small ___ that soon begin to ___. The enlarged ____ then die and disintegrate, leaving ____ within the cartilage.

Endochondral Ossification

1. ___ grow around the edges of the cartilage, and the cells of the ____ convert into ____. The shaft of the cartilage the becomes ensheathed in a superficial layer of ____

Endochondral ossification

1. Blood vessels penetrate the ____ and invade the _____. ____ migrating with the blood vessels differentiate into ____ and begin producing ____ bone at its primary center of ossification. Bone formation then spreads along the ____ towards the ____

Endochondral Ossification

1. Remodeling occurs as growth continues, creating a _____. The bone of the shaft becomes ___, and the cartilage near each epiphysis is replaced by shafts of ____. Further growth involves increases in ____ and ____

Endochondral ossification

1. ___ and ____ migrate into the ____, creating a secondary ossification center

Endochondral ossification

1. Soon the epiphyses are filled with ____ bone. An ____ cartilage remains exposed to the joint cavity; over time it will be reduced to a thin superficial layer. At each metaphysis, an _____ cartilage separates the epiphysis from the diaphysis

____ is a distinct line indicating the former location of epiphyseal cartilage

When infants are growing adult bones, what type of growth do they go through? Please describe it

What are the ions and vitamins that typically regulate bone growth

____ acts to increase the overall availability of calcium ions in the blood via increased ____ activity

___ is the antagonist of the above and inhibits ____ activity

Name the epiphyseal plate growth zones

Describe zone of resting cartilage

Describe zone of proliferating cartilage

Describe zone of hypertrophy

Describe zone of calcification

Describe ossification of bone after growth