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Digestive System Anatomy & Physiology

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Termini in questo insieme (30)

  • What are the main functions of the digestive system?
    Ingestion, mechanical processing, digestion, secretion, absorption, and excretion.
  • What is the digestive tract also called?
    The gastrointestinal tract or alimentary canal.
  • What is the peritoneum and its role in the digestive system?
    A serous membrane lining the peritoneal cavity, consisting of a mesothelium and areolar tissue, supporting and suspending digestive organs.
  • Name the four layers of the digestive tract wall.
    Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.
  • What type of epithelium lines the mucosa from stomach to rectum?
    Simple columnar epithelium.
  • What type of epithelium lines the esophagus mucosa?
    Stratified squamous epithelium.
  • Define peristalsis in the digestive system.
    Wave-like muscular contractions that move food along the digestive tract.
  • What is segmentation in digestion?
    Rhythmic contractions that mix and churn digestive contents.
  • What are the three major salivary glands?
    Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands.
  • What is the composition of saliva?
    99.4% water and 0.6% electrolytes, buffers, glycoproteins, antibodies, enzymes, and waste products.
  • Name the four types of teeth.
    Incisors, cuspids (canines), bicuspids (premolars), and molars.
  • What is the primary function of the esophagus?
    To carry food and liquids from the pharynx to the stomach.
  • What are the three phases of swallowing (deglutition)?
    Buccal phase (voluntary), pharyngeal phase, and esophageal phase (both involuntary).
  • Name the four regions of the stomach.
    Cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus.
  • What do parietal cells in the stomach secrete?
    Intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid (HCl).
  • What is the role of intrinsic factor?
    Facilitates absorption of vitamin B12.
  • What enzyme do chief cells secrete in the stomach?
    Pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin in acidic conditions.
  • What are the three phases of gastric control?
    Cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase.
  • What are the three parts of the small intestine?
    Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
  • What structures increase the surface area of the small intestine for absorption?
    Circular folds, intestinal villi, and microvilli.
  • What is a lacteal?
    A lymphatic capillary within an intestinal villus that absorbs dietary lipids.
  • What is the main function of the pancreas in digestion?
    To produce and secrete pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes and buffers.
  • Name two hormones that regulate pancreatic secretions.
    Secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK).
  • What are the three general functions of the liver?
    Metabolic regulation, hematological regulation, and bile production.
  • What is the function of bile?
    To emulsify fats, aiding in lipid digestion and absorption.
  • What is the primary function of the large intestine?

    Reabsorption of water and electrolytes and compaction of fecal material.

  • Name three vitamins produced by bacteria in the large intestine.
    Vitamin K, biotin, and vitamin B5.
  • What is the defecation reflex?
    A reflex triggered by rectal wall distension that initiates the urge to defecate.
  • How are carbohydrates digested and absorbed?
    Broken down by salivary and pancreatic amylases into disaccharides, then by brush border enzymes into monosaccharides absorbed by intestinal epithelium.
  • How are lipids digested and absorbed?
    Lipases break triglycerides into monoglycerides; bile salts emulsify fats into micelles for absorption.