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Digestive System Anatomy & Physiology

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Termini in questo insieme (31)

  • What are the two main groups of organs in the digestive system?
    Alimentary canal (mouth to anus) and accessory digestive organs (teeth, tongue, gallbladder, digestive glands).
  • Name the six main activities of the gastrointestinal tract.
    Ingestion, mechanical breakdown, digestion, propulsion, absorption, defecation.
  • What is peristalsis in the digestive system?
    Adjacent segments of alimentary tract organs alternately contract and relax, moving food distally along the tract.
  • What is segmentation in the digestive system?
    Nonadjacent segments alternately contract and relax, moving food forward then backward to mix and slowly propel it.
  • What is the peritoneum and its function?
    A serous membrane of the abdominal cavity with visceral and parietal layers; lubricates and supports mobile digestive organs.
  • What is the mesentery and its roles?
    A double layer of peritoneum that routes blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, holds organs in place, and stores fat.
  • What is the greater omentum and its functions?
    A visceral mesentery hanging from the stomach; involved in fat deposition, immune function, and isolating infections.
  • What causes peritonitis and why is it dangerous?
    Inflammation of the peritoneum caused by wounds or ruptures; can be lethal if infection spreads widely.
  • What arteries supply blood to the digestive organs?
    Branches of the aorta: hepatic, splenic, left gastric, inferior and superior mesenteric arteries.
  • What is the hepatic portal circulation?
    Drains nutrient-rich blood from digestive organs and delivers it to the liver for processing.
  • List the four basic layers (tunics) of the alimentary canal.
    Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa.
  • What type of epithelium lines the oral cavity?
    Stratified squamous epithelium.
  • What are the functions of the tongue in digestion?
    Repositions and mixes food, forms bolus, initiates swallowing, speech, and taste.
  • Name the four types of papillae on the tongue and their functions.
    Filiform (friction), fungiform (taste buds), circumvallate (taste buds), foliate (taste buds in infants).
  • What are the three major extrinsic salivary glands?
    Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands.
  • What are the main functions of saliva?
    Cleanses mouth, dissolves food chemicals for taste, moistens food, begins starch digestion.
  • What are the classes of teeth and their functions?
    Incisors (cut), canines (tear), premolars (grind), molars (best grinders).
  • Describe the phases of deglutition (swallowing).
    Buccal phase (voluntary tongue contraction) and pharyngeal-esophageal phase (involuntary, vagus nerve controlled).
  • What are the regions of the stomach?
    Cardia, fundus, body, pyloric part (antrum, pyloric canal, pylorus).
  • What are the three layers of the stomach's muscularis externa?
    Inner oblique, middle circular, and outer longitudinal layers.
  • What do parietal cells in the stomach secrete?
    Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption.
  • What is the role of chief cells in the stomach?
    Secrete pepsinogen (inactive enzyme) and lipases for digestion.
  • What protects the stomach lining from harsh digestive conditions?
    A mucosal barrier of thick bicarbonate-rich mucus and tight epithelial junctions.
  • What are the three subdivisions of the small intestine?
    Duodenum, jejunum, ileum.
  • What structural modifications increase the small intestine's surface area?
    Circular folds (plicae circularis), villi, and microvilli.
  • What is the function of Peyer's patches in the small intestine?
    Protect the distal ileum against bacteria as part of the immune system.
  • What is the main digestive function of the liver?
    Production of bile, which emulsifies fats.
  • What is the function of the gallbladder?
    Stores and concentrates bile, releasing it into the bile duct during digestion.
  • What are the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas?
    Endocrine: secretes insulin and glucagon; Exocrine: secretes pancreatic juice with digestive enzymes.
  • What are the unique features of the large intestine?
    Teniae coli (longitudinal muscle bands), haustra (pouches), and epiploic appendages (fat-filled pouches).
  • What are the main regions of the large intestine?
    Cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, anal canal.