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Endocrine System - Anatomy & Physiology

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Termini in questo insieme (24)

  • Function of the endocrine system
    The endocrine system regulates body functions through hormones that control growth, metabolism, reproduction, and homeostasis.
  • Types of signaling in the endocrine system
    Autocrine: affects the same cell that secretes the signal.
    Paracrine: affects nearby cells.
    Endocrine: affects distant cells via the bloodstream.
  • Difference between steroid and amino acid/peptide hormones
    Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble and pass through cell membranes to bind intracellular receptors. Amino acid/peptide hormones are water-soluble and bind to cell surface receptors.
  • How steroid hormones travel and signal target cells
    Steroid hormones travel bound to carrier proteins in the blood and diffuse through the target cell membrane to bind intracellular receptors, affecting gene transcription.
  • How amino acid/peptide hormones travel and signal target cells
    These hormones travel freely in the blood and bind to receptors on the target cell surface, triggering second messenger pathways.
  • Hormonal regulation of secretion
    Hormone secretion can be regulated by hormonal signals, where one hormone controls the release of another in a tiered feedback system.
  • Negative feedback loop in hormone regulation
    A process where increased hormone levels inhibit further hormone release to maintain homeostasis.
  • Positive feedback loop in hormone regulation
    A process where hormone release is amplified by its own effects, increasing hormone levels.
  • Up-regulation of hormone receptors
    An increase in receptor number on target cells, making them more sensitive to a hormone.
  • Down-regulation of hormone receptors
    A decrease in receptor number on target cells, reducing sensitivity to a hormone.
  • Hormones released from the posterior pituitary
    Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin are released from the posterior pituitary.
  • Hormones under neural control
    Hormones released in response to nervous system signals, e.g., ADH and oxytocin from the posterior pituitary.
  • Hormones under humoral control
    Hormones released in response to changes in blood chemistry, e.g., parathyroid hormone responding to calcium levels.
  • Hormones under hormonal control
    Hormones released in response to other hormones, e.g., thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulating thyroid hormone release.
  • Pathway for thyroid hormone release
    Hypothalamus releases thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) → anterior pituitary releases thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) → thyroid gland releases thyroid hormone.
  • Role of aldosterone
    Aldosterone increases sodium and water retention and hydrogen ion excretion but does not increase potassium retention.
  • Hormone regulating blood glucose uptake
    Insulin stimulates glucose uptake from the blood into cells.
  • Hormones regulating blood calcium levels
    Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium; calcitonin decreases blood calcium.
  • Hyperthyroidism
    Condition of excess thyroid hormone causing symptoms like increased metabolism, weight loss, and nervousness.
  • Hypothyroidism
    Condition of deficient thyroid hormone causing symptoms like fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance.
  • Diabetes mellitus Type 1
    Autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells causing lack of insulin and high blood glucose.
  • Diabetes mellitus Type 2
    Insulin resistance leading to impaired glucose uptake and high blood glucose.
  • Diabetes insipidus
    Condition caused by ADH deficiency leading to excessive urination and thirst.
  • Connection between sympathetic nervous system and adrenal glands
    Sympathetic stimulation triggers adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine during stress.