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Endocrine System - Anatomy & Physiology

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Termini in questo insieme (25)

  • What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
    The endocrine system regulates physiological processes by secreting hormones that maintain homeostasis alongside the nervous system.
  • Name the five mechanisms of intercellular communication.
    Direct, paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and synaptic communication.
  • How does endocrine communication differ from nervous system communication?
    Endocrine communication is slower and longer-lasting via hormones in the bloodstream; nervous system communication is fast and short-lived via neurotransmitters.
  • What are the main classes of hormones?
    Amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones, and lipid derivatives.
  • How are hydrophilic and hydrophobic hormones transported in the blood?
    Hydrophilic hormones circulate freely and are short-lived; hydrophobic hormones bind to transport proteins and have longer-lasting effects.
  • What are the two types of hormone receptors?
    Extracellular receptors for non-lipid soluble hormones and intracellular receptors for lipid-soluble hormones.
  • Describe the role of second messenger systems in hormone action.
    Hormone binds receptor (first messenger), activates G protein, which produces second messengers like cAMP to amplify the signal.
  • Where is the pituitary gland located and what are its two main lobes?
    Located in the sella turcica; has anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis) lobes.
  • Which hormones are released by the posterior pituitary?
    Oxytocin (OXT) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
  • What is the function of oxytocin?
    Stimulates uterine contractions, milk ejection, and sexual arousal.
  • What is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
    Promotes water retention by the kidneys; inhibited by alcohol.
  • Where is the thyroid gland located and what cells produce calcitonin?
    Located inferior to the thyroid cartilage; C cells (parafollicular cells) produce calcitonin.
  • What are the main effects of thyroid hormones?
    Increase metabolic rate, oxygen consumption, heart rate, and are essential for development of skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems.
  • How does calcitonin affect blood calcium levels?
    Lowers blood calcium by increasing kidney excretion and decreasing intestinal absorption.
  • What hormone do the parathyroid glands secrete and what is its effect?
    Parathyroid hormone (PTH); increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclasts, kidney reabsorption, and intestinal absorption.
  • Name the three zones of the adrenal cortex and their hormone types.
    Zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids; zona fasciculata: glucocorticoids; zona reticularis: androgens.
  • What hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla and their function?
    Epinephrine and norepinephrine; mobilize energy, increase heart rate, and prepare for fight-or-flight.
  • What is the role of the pineal gland?
    Produces melatonin, which regulates circadian rhythms and inhibits reproductive functions.
  • What are the main pancreatic hormones and their functions?
    Insulin lowers blood glucose; glucagon raises blood glucose; somatostatin inhibits insulin and glucagon; pancreatic polypeptide regulates enzyme secretion.
  • What causes Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus?
    Type 1: inadequate insulin production; Type 2: insulin resistance often linked to obesity.
  • Name three organs with secondary endocrine functions.
    Kidneys, heart, and intestines.
  • What are the four types of hormone interactions?
    Antagonistic, synergistic, permissive, and integrative effects.
  • Which hormones are important for growth?
    Growth hormone, thyroid hormones, insulin, parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, and reproductive hormones.
  • What are the three phases of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?
    Alarm phase (fight-or-flight), resistance phase (energy mobilization), exhaustion phase (homeostatic breakdown).
  • How does aging affect the endocrine system?
    Most hormone levels remain stable, but reproductive hormones decline and tissue responsiveness decreases.