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Functional Anatomy of the Endocrine Glands - Anatomy & Physiology

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  • What is the primary function of the endocrine system?
    The endocrine system regulates body functions through the secretion of hormones into the bloodstream to maintain homeostasis.
  • Name the major endocrine organs shown in human anatomy.
    Major endocrine organs include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads.
  • What hormone does the hypothalamus primarily produce to regulate the pituitary gland?
    The hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the secretion of pituitary hormones.
  • List two hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
    The anterior pituitary secretes growth hormone (GH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) among others.
  • What hormone is released by the posterior pituitary gland?
    The posterior pituitary releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
  • Describe the microscopic anatomy of the thyroid gland.
    The thyroid gland contains follicles filled with colloid, which stores thyroid hormones, and parafollicular cells that secrete calcitonin.
  • What hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?
    The thyroid gland produces thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin.
  • What is the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
    Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption and calcium absorption in the intestines.
  • Name the three layers of the adrenal cortex and a hormone each produces.
    The adrenal cortex layers are: zona glomerulosa (aldosterone), zona fasciculata (cortisol), and zona reticularis (androgens).
  • What hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?
    The adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine to mediate the fight-or-flight response.
  • Which cells in the pancreas produce insulin and glucagon?
    Beta cells produce insulin, and alpha cells produce glucagon in the pancreatic islets.
  • What is the primary effect of insulin?
    Insulin lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular uptake and storage as glycogen.
  • What is the primary effect of glucagon?
    Glucagon raises blood glucose by stimulating glycogen breakdown and glucose release from the liver.
  • Which hormones are produced by the gonads?
    The gonads produce estrogens and progesterone in females, and testosterone in males.
  • What is the role of growth hormone (GH)?
    Growth hormone stimulates growth of bones and muscles and promotes protein synthesis.
  • How does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) affect the kidneys?
    ADH increases water reabsorption in the kidneys to concentrate urine and maintain body water balance.
  • What hormone stimulates milk ejection during breastfeeding?
    Oxytocin stimulates milk ejection by causing contraction of mammary gland myoepithelial cells.
  • What is the effect of aldosterone on the body?
    Aldosterone promotes sodium retention and potassium excretion by the kidneys, regulating blood pressure and volume.
  • Name a homeostatic imbalance related to the thyroid gland.
    Examples include hypothyroidism (low thyroid hormone) and hyperthyroidism (excess thyroid hormone).
  • What hormone imbalance causes diabetes mellitus?
    Diabetes mellitus results from insufficient insulin production or cellular resistance to insulin.