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Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology: Chemical Level of Organization

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Termini in questo insieme (29)

  • What is an atom?

    An atom is the smallest stable unit of matter, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

  • What subatomic particles make up an atom and their charges?

    Protons (positive charge), neutrons (neutral), and electrons (negative charge).

  • What is the atomic number of an element?

    The number of protons in an atom, unique to each element.

  • What is an isotope?

    Versions of an element with different numbers of neutrons, resulting in different mass numbers.

  • What is a radioisotope and its significance?

    An isotope with an unstable nucleus that undergoes radioactive decay; used in diagnostic procedures.

  • What is the valence shell and its importance?

    The outermost electron shell; its electron count determines an atom's chemical properties and reactivity.

  • Describe ionic bonds.

    Bonds formed by the attraction between positively charged cations and negatively charged anions.

  • Describe covalent bonds.

    Strong bonds formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons; can be single, double, or triple bonds.

  • What is the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds?

    Polar bonds share electrons unequally, creating partial charges; nonpolar bonds share electrons equally.

  • What are hydrogen bonds?

    Weak electrical attractions between a hydrogen atom in a polar covalent bond and an electronegative atom like oxygen.

  • What are the three states of matter relevant to anatomy and physiology?

    Solid (fixed shape and volume), liquid (fixed volume, no fixed shape), and gas (no fixed shape or volume).

  • Define chemical reactions in biological systems.

    Processes that form or break chemical bonds, transforming reactants into products.

  • What is metabolism?

    All chemical reactions occurring in cells and tissues at any given time.

  • What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy?

    Kinetic energy is energy of motion; potential energy is stored energy based on position or structure.

  • What are decomposition reactions?

    Reactions that break molecules into smaller fragments, often releasing energy (catabolism).

  • What are synthesis reactions?

    Reactions that assemble larger molecules from smaller ones, requiring energy (anabolism).

  • What role do enzymes play in biochemical reactions?

    Enzymes are catalysts that lower activation energy, speeding up reactions without being consumed.

  • What is activation energy?

    The amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction.

  • What distinguishes inorganic from organic compounds?

    Inorganic compounds lack carbon-hydrogen bonds; organic compounds contain carbon-hydrogen bonds.

  • Why is water important in the body?

    Water is a universal solvent, participates in chemical reactions, has high heat capacity, and lubricates tissues.

  • What is pH and its significance in the body?

    pH measures hydrogen ion concentration; normal blood pH ranges from 7.35 to 7.45, essential for homeostasis.

  • What are acids, bases, and salts?

    Acids donate H+ ions, bases accept H+ ions, and salts dissociate into ions other than H+ or OH- in solution.

  • What are monomers and polymers?

    Monomers are small molecules that bond to form polymers, which are larger complex molecules.

  • What are carbohydrates and their types?

    Organic molecules with C, H, O in 1:2:1 ratio; include monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

  • What are lipids and their main types?

    Hydrophobic organic molecules including fatty acids, eicosanoids, glycerides, steroids, phospholipids, and glycolipids.

  • What are proteins and their functions?

    Macromolecules made of amino acids; functions include support, movement, transport, buffering, metabolism, control, and defense.

  • What are the four levels of protein structure?

    Primary (amino acid sequence), secondary (alpha helix/beta sheet), tertiary (3D folding), quaternary (multiple polypeptides).

  • What are nucleic acids and their role?

    Large molecules (DNA and RNA) that store and process genetic information and direct protein synthesis.

  • What is ATP and its importance?

    Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the primary energy storage molecule in cells, releasing energy when its high-energy bonds break.