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Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology: Chemical Level of Organization

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Termini in questo insieme (21)

  • What is an atom?
    The smallest stable unit of matter, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
  • What are the charges and locations of subatomic particles in an atom?
    Protons are positive and in the nucleus, neutrons are neutral and in the nucleus, electrons are negative and orbit the nucleus.
  • What determines the chemical properties of an element?
    The number of electrons in the valence shell (outermost electron shell) determines chemical properties.
  • What is an ion?
    An atom that has gained or lost electrons, resulting in a net electric charge; cation is positive, anion is negative.
  • Describe an ionic bond.
    A bond formed by the attraction between positive and negative ions, created when electrons are transferred from one atom to another.
  • Describe a covalent bond.
    A strong bond formed when atoms share electrons. Can be single, double, or triple bonds.
  • What is the difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds?
    Nonpolar bonds share electrons equally; polar bonds share electrons unequally, creating partial charges.
  • What are hydrogen bonds?
    Weak electrical attractions between the partial positive charge of hydrogen and partial negative charge of oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine in polar molecules.
  • What are the major types of chemical reactions in physiology?
    Decomposition, synthesis, exchange, and reversible reactions.
  • What is a decomposition reaction?
    A reaction that breaks molecules into smaller fragments, often releasing energy; hydrolysis is a common example.
  • What is a synthesis reaction?
    A reaction that assembles larger molecules from smaller ones, often requiring energy; dehydration synthesis produces water.
  • What is an enzyme and its role in metabolism?
    An enzyme is a catalyst that lowers activation energy and speeds up biochemical reactions without being consumed.
  • What is activation energy?
    The amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction.
  • What distinguishes inorganic from organic compounds?
    Inorganic compounds generally lack carbon-hydrogen bonds; organic compounds contain carbon bonded to hydrogen.
  • List four important properties of water.
    Universal solvent, reactivity, high heat capacity, and lubrication.
  • What is pH?
    The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration; it measures acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
  • What is the physiological pH range of human blood?
    Between 7.35 and 7.45, slightly basic.
  • What are acids, bases, and salts in physiological terms?
    Acids donate hydrogen ions, bases accept hydrogen ions, and salts dissociate into ions other than H+ or OH-.
  • What are monomers and polymers?
    Monomers are identical subunits that join to form polymers; polymers are large molecules made of monomers.
  • What are the four levels of protein structure?
    Primary (amino acid sequence), secondary (alpha helix or beta sheet), tertiary (3D folding), and quaternary (multiple polypeptide chains).
  • What is ATP and its function?
    Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the main high-energy compound that stores and transfers energy in cells.